Issued  February  17, 1911. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.—  Bulletin 

r>r- 


A.  D.  MKLVIN,  Cviiepof  Bureau. 


CATTLE  BREEDERS'  ASSDEl 
IN  DENMARK. 


BY 


FREDERIK   RASMUSSEN, 

Professor  of  Dairying,  New  Hampshire  College 
of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING   OFFICE. 

1911. 


Issued  February  17,  1911, 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY.— Bulletin  129. 

A.  D.  MELV1N,  Chief  of  Bureau. 


CATTLE  BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS 
IN  DENMARK. 


BY 


FREDEKIK    RASMUSSEN, 

Professor  of  Dairying,  New  Hampshire  College 
of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  yl/is. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING   OFFICE. 
1911 


THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Chief:  A.  D.  Melvin. 
Assistant  Chief:  A.  M.  Farrington. 
Chief  Clerk:  Charles  C.  Carroll. 

Animal  Husbandry  Division:  George  M.  Rommel,  chief. 
Biochemic  Division:  M.  Dorset,  chief. 
Dairy  Division:  B.  H.  Rawl,  chief. 

Inspection  Division:  Rice  P.  Steddom,  chief;  Morris  Wooden,"H.  A.  Ramsay, 
and  Albert  E.  Behnke,  associate  chiefs. 

Pathological  Division:  John  R.  Mohler,  chief. 
Quarantine  Division:  Richard  W.  Hickman,  chief. 
Zoological  Division:  B.  EL  Ransom,  chief. 
Experiment  Station:  E.  C.   Sciiroeder.  superintendent. 
Editor:  James  M.   Pickens. 

DAIRY  DIVISION. 
B.  H.  Rawl.  Chief. 

Helmer  Rabilu,  in  charge  of  Dairy  Farming  Investigations. 

B.  D.  White,  in  charge  of  Dairy  Manufacturing  Investigations. 
L.  A.  Rogers,  mi  charge  of  Research  Laboratories. 
George  M.  Whitaker.  in  charge  of  Market  Mill:  Investigations. 
Robert  McAjdam,  in  charge  of  Renovated  Butter  Inspection. 
2 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington,  D.  c7.,  September  28,  1910. 
Sir:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  a  manuscript  relating 
to  the  cattle  breeders'  associations  and  the  dairy  industry  in  Denmark, 
by  Frederik  Kasmussen,  professor  of  dairying  at  the  New  Hampshire 
College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts.  The  paper  was  written 
as  a  result  of  a  personal  visit  to  Denmark,  together  with  the  consulta- 
tion of  official  reports  and  with  cattle  experts  in  that* country. 

The  highly  specialized  nature  of  the  dairy  industry  in  Denmark, 
as  well  as  its  undoubted  success,  as  evidenced  by  the  high  appreciation 
of  Danish  products  on  the  British  market,  are  well  known.  Al- 
though it  may  not  be  practicable  or  desirable  in  this  country  to  fol- 
low in  all  respects  the  Danish  plan  and  methods  of  organization, 
some  of  the  features  can  probably  be  advantageously  applied,  with 
or  without  modification,  to  our  conditions,  and  the  information  con- 
tained in  the  paper  will  undoubtedly  be  of  value  to  our  dairymen  and 
to  others  who  may  be  interested.  I  therefore  respectfully  recom- 
mend the  publication  of  the  article  in  the  bulletin  series  of  this 
Bureau. 

Respectfully,  A.  I).  Melyin, 

Chief  of  Bureau. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Agr'iculture. 

3 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Florida,  George  A.  Smathers  Libraries  with  support  from  LYRASIS  and  the  Sloan  Foundation 


http://archive.org/details/cattlebreeOOusde 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Brief  history  of  the  Danish  cattle  industry 7 

The  native  breeds  of  cattle  in  Denmark 9 

Organization  of  cattle  breeders'  associations 10 

Cow-test  associations 11 

Duties  of  expert  counselor 11 

Working  details  of  cattle  breeders'  associations 12 

Method  of  financing  an  association 13 

Government  aid  and  supervision 13 

Eligibility  for  government  aid 15 

Value  of  shmvs  and  fairs 21 

Government  show  commissions  and  bull  shows 22 

Method  of  judging  at  shows 23 

Market  prices  of  bulls  and  conditions  of  transfer 25 

Difficulties  encountered  in  the  work  of  the  associations 26 

Influence  of  cattle  breeders'  associations  upon  the  dairy  industry 27 

Growth  of  the  industry 28 

Acknowledgment 29 

Appendix 30 

By-laws  for  cattle  breeders'  associations  under  common  management  on 

the  island  of  Funen 30 

Law  relating  to  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  the  breeding  and  keeping 

of  domestic  animals 32 

Form  of  contract  used  in  the  purchase  of  bulls 38 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


Page. 
Plate  I.  Jutland  breed  of  cattle. — Fig.  1.  Bull,  Elkjaer  Hovding,  4  J  years 

old,  herdbook  No.  1442.     Fig.  2.  Cow,  herdbook  No.  55 8 

II.  Red  Danish  cattle. — Fig.  1.  Knud  Lombjerge,  bull,  herdbook  No.  16. 

Fig.  2.  Cow,  herdbook  No.  229 8 

5 


CATTLE  BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS  IN  DENMARK. 


BRIEF  HISTORY  OF  THE  DANISH  CATTLE  INDUSTRY. 

During  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  Denmark  was  a 
grain-producing  country.  Agricultural  success  was  measured  by  the 
raising  of  crops  from  a  soil  still  rich  in  natural  fertility.  This  for 
awhile  was  made  possible  by  better  drainage,  by  a  rotation  of  crops, 
by  treating  the  soil  with  lime  or  marl,  and  by  the  use  of  improved 
agricultural  implements.  However,  it  was  inevitable  that  a  system  of 
farming  in  which  no  efforts  were  made  to  retain  or  add  to  the  fertility 
of  the  soil  would  sooner  or  later  become  unprofitable.  The  live-stock 
industry  at  this  time  was  of  secondary  importance.  Although  a  few 
cattle  were  kept  on  nearty  every  farm,  they  received  very  little  atten- 
tion. They  were  pastured  in  summer,  and  as  it  was  thought  unprofit- 
able to  feed  grain  the  stock  was  fed  in  the  winter  time  entirely 
on  hay  and  straw,  especially  the  latter.  Such  treatment  was  very 
detrimental  to  young  animals,  and  as  in  addition  no  systematic 
method  of  breeding  was  carried  out,  the  type  of  cattle  was  retrograd- 
ing instead  of  improving. 

Later  on,  when  it  became  manifest  that  owing  to  the  lack  of  farm 
manure  the  soil  was  being  gradually  deprived  of  its  fertility  and  its 
power  to  produce  profitable  crops,  the  live-stock  industry  began  to 
grow  in  importance.  The  local  conditions  favored  its  development 
along  two  lines.  In  the  main  portion  of  Jutland  the  beef  industry 
first  became  of  greatest  importance,  while  on  the  islands — Funen,  Zea- 
land, and  others — the  effort  was  directed  toward  the  production  of 
daily  products. 

Prior  to  1850  the  general  method  in  use  to  dispose  of  cattle  in  Jut- 
land was  to  sell  the  steers  as  feeders  when  from  4  to  7  years  old,  to  be 
fattened  on  the  marshes  along  the  coast  of  Holstein.  In  the  year 
1804  a  permanent  direct  steamship  line  was  established  between  Jut- 
land and  England,  and  instead  of  selling  the  steers  as  feeders  they 
were  fattened  on  the  large  Danish  farms.  The  increased  demand  for 
beef  at  higher  prices  started  considerable  importation  of  Shorthorn 
cattle  from  England,  to  be  crossed  with  the  native  stock  for  develop- 
ment of  better  beef  qualities.  The  first  cross  was  very  promising, 
the  result  being  a  better  beef  form,  as  well  as  earlier  maturity.     But 

7 


8  CATTLE   BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS  IN   DENMARK. 

when  the  farmers  began  indiscriminately  to  mate  cross-bred  animals 
of  second  and  third  generations  and  at  the  same  time  did  not  fulfill 
the  requirements  in  the  way  of  feed  and  care  demanded  by  the  Short- 
horns, a  retrogression  instead  of  an  improvement  was  the  result.  The 
danger  of  this  method  of  breeding  was  soon  realized  b}-  some  of  the 
leading  agriculturists.  They  also  began  to  realize  that  the  Jutland 
cattle,  when  property  fed  and  cared  for,  had  good  qualities  which 
formerly  had  been  overlooked,  and  in  some  places  the  Jutland  breed 
was  kept  pure.  In  1881  definite  steps  were  taken  to  preserve  this 
breed  by  appointing  a  live-stock  commission  for  its  preservation  and 
improvement. 

The  importation  of  Shorthorn  cattle  had  an  important  effect  on  the 
development  of  the  cattle  industry  in  Denmark,  not  so  much  by  an 
infusion  of  blood,  but  by  giving  the  farmers  an  ideal  as  to  form  and 
teaching  them  the  importance  of  good  feed  and  care  in  the  rearing  of 
cattle. 

The  English  market  demanded  butter  as  well  as  beef,  and  after  a 
time  this  had  its  influence  on  the  development  of  the  Jutland  cattle. 
Although  the  beef  qualities  at  first  were  considered  of  greatest  im- 
portance, stress  was  afterwards  laid  on  the  milking  qualities  and  for 
a  time  efforts  were  directed  toward  the  development  of  a  dual-pur- 
pose breed.  As  it  proved  to  be  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  fix  both 
the  milk  and  beef  producing  tendencies  in  the  animals  so  that  both 
could  be  transmitted  with  certainty,  this  effort  was  abandoned.  How- 
ever, many  people  began  to  consider  the  milking  qualities  in  the 
animal  of  greater  importance  than  the  beef  qualities,  and  steps  were 
taken  to  develop  the  Jutland  cow  as  a  dairy  animal.  But  the  ma- 
jority of  people  continued  to  breed  for  beef,  as  is  shown  by  the  steady 
increase  in  the  importation  of  Shorthorn  cattle  until  about  1876,  the 
result  of  which  has  already  been  discussed. 

In  1800  the  first  "  dairy  counselor  "  was  appointed  by  the  Royal 
Danish  Agricultural  Society,  and  the  time  from  1800  to  1880  marks 
the  period  of  transition  from  beef  to  milk  production.  During  this 
period  the  main  topic  for  discussion  in  the  agricultural  press  and  at 
meetings  was  the  relative  profit  in  the  production  of  beef  and  butter. 
The  profits  in  these  two  systems  were  often  expressed  by  comparing 
the  cost  at  which  the  manure  was  obtained.  For  instance,  a  report 
from  Gjedsergaard  in  1SG5  showed  that  where  dairying  was  carried 
on  the  cost  of  the  manure  represented  only  2.5  per  cent  of  the  value 
of  the  feed  consumed  (the  cows  being  fed  liberally),  while  in  the  case 
of  feeding  for  beef  it  represented  14  per  cent.  This  statement  also 
illustrates  that  the  manure  was  considered  a  very  important  factor  in 
connection  with  the  cattle  industry  and  that  the  farmers  fully  realized 
the  value  and  necessity  of  the  manure  in  the  production  of  crops  on 
a  worn-out  soil. 


Bul.  129,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate 


Fig.  1.— Bull,  Elkjaer  Hovding,  4;  Years  Old.    Herdbook  No.  1442. 


Fig.  2.— Cow,  Herdbook  No.  55. 
JUTLAND    BREED    OF    CATTLE. 


Bul.   129.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture. 


Plate  II. 


Fig.  1 .— Knud  Lombjerge,  Bull,  Herdbook  No.  16. 


Fig.  2.— Cow,  Herdbook  No.  229. 
RED     DANISH     CATTLE. 


NATIVE   BREEDS   OP   CATTLE   IN   DENMARK.  9 

Although  the  period  from  1850  to  1880  shows  a  marked  improve- 
ment in  the  cattle  industry  in  Denmark,  this  was  due  to  better  meth- 
ods of  feeding  rather  than  to  a  systematic  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  breeding.  There  were  very  few  farmers  who  understood 
the  importance  of  the  bull  in  the  improvement  of  the  breed,  and  the 
nearest  and  cheapest  bull  was,  as  a  rule,  considered  the  best.  In 
some  sections  the  farmers  took  turns  in  keeping  what  was  called  the 
"  town  bull,"  each  man  keeping  a  bull  for  the  use  of  his  neighbors  for 
a  year.  These  bulls  seldom  reached  an  age  of  over  2  years,  and  were 
thus  disposed  of  before  they  were  fully  developed  and  before  their 
breeding  value  had  been  determined.  More  care  was  taken  in  the 
selection  of  the  heifer  calves  for  breeding  purposes;  thejr  as  a  rule 
were  selected  from  what  were  supposed  to  be  the  best  cows;  but  in 
regard  to  milk  production  this  was  simply  a  chance  selection,  for  very 
few  people  kept  records. 

THE    NATIVE   BREEDS   OF    CATTLE   IN   DENMARK. 

The  Jutland  breed  has  already  been  referred  to  as  being  native  to 
the  mainland  of  Denmark.  The  other  native  breed,  the  Red  Danish, 
is  indigenous  to  the  islands.  The  cattle  in  Jutland  were  in  earlier 
days  known  for  their  beef  qualities,  especially  the  excellent  quality 
of  meat  they  produced,  while  the  cattle  on  the  islands  had  superior 
milking  qualities. 

The  characteristic  color  of  the  Jutland  breed  is  black  and  white, 
a  few,  however,  being  gray  and  white.  (See  PL  I,  figs.  1  and  2.) 
Although  the  color  and  to  some  extent  the  general  appearance  Avould 
indicate  the  breed  to  contain  some  Holstein-Friesian  blood,  no  his- 
torical references  could  be  found  by  the  writer  to  that  effect.  The 
origin  of  the  breed  seems  unknown,  and,  as  one  writer  states,  it  is 
**  native  to  the  soil."  In  the  period  from  18*20  to  1850  efforts  Avere 
made  to  improve  the  Jutland  cattle  by  an  infusion  of  new  blood,  and 
animals  were  imported  from  T}rrol,  Switzerland,  England,  and  Hoi- 
st ein  (those  from  the  latter  place  were  not  the  Holstein-Friesian 
breed,  but  a  red  breed  of  cattle).  However,  this  crossing  did  not 
result  in  an  improvement  of  the  Jutland  cattle  and  was  therefore 
discontinued. 

The  Red  Danish  cattle  (PI.  II,  figs.  1  and  2)  are  found  in  southern 
Jutland  and  on  the  islands  of  Funen,  Zealand,  and  some  of  the 
smaller  islands.  The  native  stock  which  forms  the  basis  for  the  Red 
Danish  breed  is  different  from  the  native  stock  from  which  the  Jut- 
land breed  originated.  As  the  name  indicates,  the  color  of  the  cattle 
is  red.  At  the  time  when  efforts  were  made  to  cross  the  native  cattle 
of  Jutland  with  the  cattle  from  Tyrol  and  Switzerland  similar 
attempts  were  made  to  use  these  breeds  to  improve  the  native  stock  on 

62535°— Bull.  120—11 2 


10  CATTLE   BREEDERS     ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

the  islands.  Furthermore,  at  this  time  cattle  were  also  imported  to  the 
islands  from  Scotland  (Ayrshire)  and  Schleswig.  Most  of  these  im- 
ported breeds,  however,  have  had  very  little  influence  upon  the  devel- 
opment of  the  Red  Danish  cattle.  The  Red  Danish  cow  may  be 
said  to  be  a  cross  between  the  native  stock  of  the  islands  and  the 
Angler  (from  Angeln  in  Schleswig)  and  other  strains  of  cattle 
imported  from  Schleswig.  The  climatic  condition  of  the  islands  and 
of  Schleswig  are  practically  the  same.  The  imported  cattle,  although 
in  several  respects  resembling  the  native  stock  on  the  islands,  had 
superior  milking  qualities,  but  were  hardly  as  rugged  in  constitution. 
The  result  of  this  crossing  has  been  the  development  of  a  new  and 
better  breed. 

ORGANIZATION   OF   CATTLE    BREEDERS'    ASSOCIATIONS. 

The  first  cattle  breeders1  association  was  formed  in  187-1.  The 
object  of  this  association  was  to  keep  pure  and  improve  the  Jutland 
breed  by  the  use  of  purebred  bulls.  Eleven  purebred  bulls  were 
bought  and  placed  on  different  farms  in  the  community.  Few  of  the 
farmers,  however,  fully  realized  the  value  of  the  purebred  bull  in 
improving  the  herd ;  others  expected  greater  results  than  could  be 
accomplished  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  years,  while  the  Govern- 
ment, although  encouraging  the  movement,  made  no  special  provision 
for  the  aid  or  support  of  such  organizations.  Under  these  conditions 
probably  the  worst  mistake  made  was  to  start  the  association  on  so 
large  a  scale ;  that  is,  with  too  large  a  territory,  too  large  a  mem- 
bership, and  too  many  bulls  under  one  management.  The  farmers 
were  not  in  close  enough  contact  with  one  another,  and  it  was  a  diffi- 
cult task  for  the  management  to  suit  all  the  members  in  buying  and 
placing  the  bulls  as  well  as  in  other  work  which  necessarily  had  to  be 
left  in  the  hands  of  a  few.  The  result  was  that  the  farmers  gradu- 
ally lost  interest  in  the  work,  and  the  association  was  dissolved  in 
1878.  One  of  the  principal  reasons  for  the  success  of  the  smaller 
associations,  as  started  later,  is  that  the  members  are  in  closer 
contact  with  each  other,  giving  frequent  opportunities  for  discussing 
the  work,  and  also  that  a  greater  number  of  them  have  an  active  part 
in  the  work  of  the  association,  thus  securing  recognition  and  assum- 
ing responsibility,  which  are  two  very  important  factors  in  bringing 
out  the  best  results. 

In  1881  a  second  association  was  formed.  In  this  association  the 
selection  of  bulls  was  made  of  more  importance  than  previously,  as 
shown  by  a  paragraph  in  the  by-laws  pledging  the  members  to  use 
on  all  cows  from  which  calves  were  to  be  reared  only  such  bulls  as 
had  been  passed  on  by  a  judging  committee. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  associations  was  slow  until  1887, 
after  which  rapid  progress  took  place  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 
About  1889  the  associations  in  some  localities  began  to  combine  under 


ORGANIZATION   OF   CATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS.  11 

one  management,  the  object  being  to  foster  cooperation  between  the 
local  and  the  state  agricultural  organizations  and  to  get  a  state 
representative  for  the  cattle  breeders'  associations.  Soon  after,  some 
of  the  agricultural  societies  ottered  to  join  forces  with  the  joint 
cattle  breeders'  association,  and  a  common  representative  management 
was  agreed  upon.  An  expert  agricultural  counselor  was,  as  a  rule, 
appointed  by  the  joint  associations,  who  also  frequently  acted  as 
secretary  for  the  organization. 

There  were  1,095  cattle  breeders'  associations  in  operation  in  1906, 
owning  1,369  bulls  and  having  a  total  membership  of  26,200.  All 
of  these  associations  received  government  aid.  In  addition  there 
were  at  least  30  more  in  operation  which  did  not  receive  any  assist- 
ance from  the  Government. 

(  ( PW-TEST   ASSOCIATIONS. 

The  minutes  of  a  meeting  of  cattle  breeders'  associations  in  the 
district  of  Kolding  in  189-t  states  that  discussions  took  place  in 
regard  to  having  regular  fat  determinations  made  of  each  individual 
cow's  milk  to  aid  in  the  selection  of  good  breeding  animals.  However, 
no  definite  steps  were  taken  to  carry  out  this  work,  and  in  1895  the 
first  cow-test  association  was  formed  in  Vejen,  largely  through  the 
efforts  of  members  of  the  cattle  breeders'  associations.  A  rapid  in- 
crease in  cow-test  associations  followed,  and  it  soon  became  evident 
that  these  associations  made  it  unnecessary  for  the  testing  of  cows 
to  be  taken  up  as  part  of  the  work  of  the  cattle  breeders'  associations. 
In  fact,  the  records  of  the  cow-test  associations  became  the  founda- 
tion and  guide  for  the  work  of  the  cattle  breeders'  associations,  and 
it  was  natural  that  the  former  soon  were  drawn  under  the  common 
management  which  already  existed  for  the  cattle  breeders'  associa- 
tions and  the  agricultural  societies. 

DUTIES  OF  EXPERT  COUNSELOR. 

As  has  been  stated,  these  common-management  organizations  em- 
ployed an  expert  counselor.  The  following  rules,  quoted  below,  laid 
down  by  the  common  management  for  the  district  of  Kolding,  will, 
make  clearer  the  scope  of  his  work : 

1.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  expert  to  work  for  the  advancement  of  the  cattle 
breeders  and  the  test  associations  under  the  common  management : 

(a)   By  taking  part  in  meetings  and  fairs. 

(6)  By  assisting  in  the  selection  of  cows  for  the  various  cattle  breeders' 
associations. 

(c)  By  giving  lectures  as  arranged  with  the  presidents  of  the  official  associa- 
tions. 


12  CATTLE  BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS   IN   DENMARK. 

((/)  By  attending  state  and  other  shows  considered  of  importance  in  connec- 
tion with  his  work. 

(e)  By  assisting  in  the  organization  of  cow-test  associations,  and,  when  neces- 
sary, helping  the  associations  in  making  out  yearly  reports. 

(/)  By  assisting  the  individual  members  in  the  association  as  much  as  time 
permits. 

(g)  By  taking  charge  of  the  keeping  of  herd  books  for  herds  under  the 
common  management,  after  arrangement  with  its  committee. 

2.  The  expert  works  under  the  direction  of  the  president  of  the  common  man- 
agement, discussing  with  him  the  details  of  the  work.  It  is  his  duty  in  every 
way  to  further  the  development  of  the  cattle  breeders'  association  and  cow-test 
associations.  He  also  receives  information  from  breeders  within  as  well  as 
outside  the  district  of  the  common  management  in  regard  to  bulls  of  good  breed- 
ing that  are  for  sale,  enabling  him  to  direct  prospective  buyers.  But  the  expert 
must  in  no  way  have  personal  financial  interest  in  the  sale  of  breeding  animals. 

3.  It  is  also  the  duty  of  the  expert  to  assist  the  agricultural  societies  in 
arranging  catalogues  for  fairs  and  similar  work. 

4.  Each  year,  before  May  1,  the  expert  gives  a  written  report  of  his  work  for 
the  past  year. 

WORKING  DETAILS   OF   CATTLE  BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS. 

Owing  to  the  necessity  of  first  describing  the  general  character  of 
the  cattle  breeders"  associations  and  the  gradual  changes  and  broaden- 
ing of  the  movement,  little  has  been  said  so  far  in  regard  to  the  details 
of  the  work  and  the  aim  of  these  associations.  They  are  local  organi- 
zations, with  a  membership  of  from  -±  to  GO,  the  average  being  about 
24.  The  aim  of  the  organization  is  to  produce  a  rapid  improvement 
and  development  of  the  cattle  in  the  community  by  the  purchase  of 
one  or  more  bulls  of  recognized  breeding.  As  the  members  of  the 
association  generally  own  more  cows  than  this  bull  or  bulls  can  serve, 
a  local  judging  committee  is  appointed,  which,  together  with  the 
expert  employed  by  the  common-management  association,  visits  each 
member  and  selects  a  number  of  cows  worthy  to  be  bred  to  the  asso- 
ciation bulls,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  his  herd  and  the  total 
number  of  cows  in  the  association. 

The  bull  is,  as  a  rule,  stationed  with  the  member  who  submits  the 
lowest  bid  for.  keeping  him,  the  price  varying  from  200  kroner 
($53.00)  to  335  kroner  ($89.78)  per  year." 

Further  improvement  in  the  cattle  is  to  be  obtained  by  periodical 
inspection  of  the  herds,  by  advice  in  regard  to  the  rearing  of  young 
stock,  by  compulsory  exhibiting  at  association  shows,  and  by  taking 
part  in  county  and  government  shows. 

°One  krone=26.8  cents  in  United  States  money,  which  makes  $1=3.73  kroner. 
In  the  remainder  of  this  bulletin  only  the  American  equivalents  of  stated  sums 
are  given,  except  in  the  Appendix,  consisting  of  quotations  from  Danish  docu- 
ments, where  the  Danish  amounts  are  shown  as  well. 


MANAGEMENT   OF   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS.  13 

The  by-laws  of  the  associations  under  common  management  for  the 
island  of  Funen,  given  in  the  Appendix,  are  the  result  of  the  experi- 
ence in  this  work  up  to  the  present  time.  They  explain  several 
details  of  the  work  of  the  association  and  show  the  thoroughness  of 
the  organization.  Although  these  laws  govern  only  a  certain  district. 
yet  those  of  other  districts  in  the  country  for  both  the  Jutland  and 
the  Red  Danish  breeds  of  cattle  are  almost  identical,  so  they  can  be 
taken  as  representative  of  those  for  the  whole  of  Denmark. 

METHOD  OF  FINANCING  AN    ASSOCIATION. 

The  principal  items  of  expense  in  starting  an  association  are  the 
cost  of  the  bull  and  the  necessary  books  and  blanks  for  keeping  rec- 
ords. To  cover  these  expenses  a  loan  is  obtained,  for  which  each 
member  is  responsible  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  cows  he  has 
registered  in  the  association.  In  this  way  the  individual  members 
do  not  have  to  furnish  the  necessary  funds  for  starting  the  enterprise, 
and  thus  it  is  possible  for  farmers  with  small  means  to  participate. 
To  protect  the  association  from  losses  which  might  be  incurred  by 
accident,  sickness,  or  death,  valuable  bulls  are,  as  a  rule,  insured  in 
special  cooperative  insurance  companies. 

The  revenue  for  the  maintenance  of  the  association  is  derived  from 
membership  fees,  service  fees  of  the  bull,  the  government  aid,  which 
averages  $40.20  per  annum  for  each  bull  belonging  to  the  association, 
and  the  income  from  premiums  at  fairs  and  shows. 

GOVERNMENT   AID   AND   SUPERVISION. 

Government  aid  and  supervision  have  been  very  important  factors 
in  the  development  of  the  Danish  cattle  industry,  especially  since 
1902.  when  the  laws  relative  to  the  promotion  and  breeding  of  domes- 
tic animals  were  revised,  making  provision  for  additional  appro- 
priations and  support  for  the  cattle  breeders'  associations.  (See 
Appendix  for  details.) 

The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  government  appropriation  in 
190G  for  the  promotion  of  breeding  and  keeping  of  domestic  animals: 

Premiums  at  agricultural  association  shows $29,480 

Premiums  at  the  breeding  association  shows  under  common  manage- 
ment    5,360 

Prejniums  for  government  stallion  shows 20,100 

Premiums  for  government  bull  shows • 20,100 

Horse-breeding  associations 32, 160 

Cattle   breeders'    associations 37,520 

Swine  breeders'  associations 1.072 

Sheep  breeders'  associations 1,340 

Cow-test    associations 20, 100 

Salaries  to  association  experts 8,040 


14  CATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

For  competitive  dairy  test $6,700 

Breeding  centers  for  swine 12,000 

Publishing  herd  books 5,360 

Miscellaneous  institutions  for  the  improvement  of  domestic  animals 10,  720 

Government  show  commissions 10,318 

For  the  eradication  of  certain  contagious  diseases  and  to  prevent  the 

spread  of  tuberculosis 53,600 

Total 274,030 

The  total  state  appropriations  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture 
amounted  to  $1,120,930.  This  is  a  very  large  sum  of  money  when 
compared  with  the  appropriations  by  our  Federal  and  State  govern- 
ments for  similar  work.  It  should  be  considered  also  that  Denmark 
is  a  very  small  country,  only  a  little  over  one-fourth  the  size  of  the 
State  of  Iowa,  although  the  population  is  slightly  larger — about  2J 
millions.  Furthermore,  much  more  can  be  accomplished  for  this  sum 
of  money  in  Denmark  than  can  be  accomplished  for  a  similar  amount 
in  the  United  States.  For  instance,  the  average  wages  of  106  assist- 
ants in  charge  of  the  test  association  on  the  island  of  Funen  in  1906 
was  about  $120  per  year.  The  state  appropriation  for  a  cow-test 
association  is  $67.  Thus  a  little  over  one-half  of  the  assistants'  wages 
was  paid  by  the  State. 

One  striking  feature  of  the  state  appropriations,  which  is  also 
alluded  to  elsewhere,  is  that  of  giving  in  proportion  to  the  interest 
shown  in  the  enterprises  undertaken  by  the  various  associations.  The 
fact  that  the  State  distributes  money  in  proportion  to  the  amount  the 
breeding  associations  or  agricultural  societies  themselves  can  produce 
is  an  incentive  for  the  associations  to  raise  as  much  money  as  possible 
and  helps  greatly  to  keep  up  interest  in  the  work. 

It  must  not  be  understood,  however,  that  the  Government  controls 
all  the  agricultural  associations  receiving  government  aid.  Although 
there  is  a  well-regulated  supervision  of  government  mone}'  expended, 
it  is  a  supervision  which  is  optional  to  the  cattle  owners.  The 
farmers,  in  forming  cooperative  associations  and  accepting  the  gov- 
ernment aid,  voluntarily  put  themselves  under  its  supervision.  As 
has  already  been  mentioned,  there  were  in  Denmark  in  1906,  besides 
1,095  breeding  associations  receiving  government  aid,  30  cooperative 
breeding  associations  which  did  not  receive  government  aid,  and  con- 
sequently were  not  subjected  to  government  supervision.  The  Govern- 
ment does  not  trjT  to  force  its  supervision  upon  the  cooperative 
societies,  neither  does  it  try  to  discourage  or  check  individual  enter- 
prise. The  great  advancement  in  cooperation  has  come  from  the 
people  themselves.  They  have  felt  the  need  and  benefit  of  coopera- 
tion. Each  community  seems  to  have  furnished  its  own  leaders  and 
organizers,  of  whom  many  have  spent  a  great  deal  of  their  own  time 
and  money  in  fostering  the  spirit  of  cooperation  and  in  getting  the 


MANAGEMENT    OF    BREEDERS*    ASSOCIATIONS.  15 

people  to  see  that  the  welfare  of  a  country  or  of  a  community  is  bound 
up  in  the  success  and  welfare  of  all  its  individuals  and  not  in  the 
success  of  a  few.  The  Government  has  in  a  wise  manner  encouraged 
cooperative  enterprises  and  rendered  them  stable.  It  has  guided, 
aided,  and  bound  together  the  organizations  which  served  the  best 
interests  of  all,  so  that  they  have  become  powerful  agencies  in  the 
developing  of  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  country  and  in  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  its  inhabitants. 

Besides  the  large  amount  of  money  set  aside  by  the  Government 
for  premiums  at  fairs  and  shows,  as  well  as  other  appropriations 
which  indirectly  benefit  the  cattle  breeders'  associations,  the  direct 
appropriation  for  these  associations  in  1906"  was  $42,880.  As  before 
intimated  each  eligible  association  receives  an  amount  varying  from 
$34.84  to  $4.">. 50  per  bull  yearly,  according  to  a  classification  adopted 
by  the  common  management  in  which  the  good  qualities  of  the  bull 
and  the  work  of  the  association  in  general  are  considered.  (For 
details  see  section  14  in  the  Appendix,  p.  36.) 

Additional  aid  to  the  extent  of  from  $13.40  to  $40.20  may  be  ob- 
tained by  breeding  associations  for  special  work  in  developing  good 
families.  Furthermore,  if  the  association  employs  an  assistant  to 
keep  records  of  the  yield  of  milk  and  butter  fat  and  the  food  con- 
sumed by  the  individual  cows  in  the  herds,  it  can  be  recognized  as  a 
cow-test  association  and  receive  an  additional  aid  of  $G7  a  year. 

The  aid  to  the  cattle  breeders'  associations  is  apportioned  by  the 
minister  of  agriculture.  The  individual  association  applies  for  gov- 
ernment aid  through  its  common-management  association,  which 
refers  the  application  to  a  still  higher  common  management,  the 
latter  representing  also  the  cow-test  associations  and  agricultural 
societies  for  the  district.  This  body  considers  the  application  and 
recommends  to  the  department  of  agriculture.  Associations  receiving 
government  aid  are  at  all  times  subject  to  government  inspection. 

ELIGIBILITY    FOR   GOVERNMENT    AID. 

In  order  to  be  eligible  for  government  aid  the  cattle  breeders'  asso- 
ciations must  have  their  by-laws  approved  by  the  minister  of  agri- 
culture. The  by-laws  must  contain  provisions  to  the  effect  that  the 
cows  of  the  members  shall  be  selected  under  the  proper  supervision, 
that  the  bull  shall  be  examined  twice  a  year  by  a  veterinarian,  and 
that  the  herds  shall  be  inspected  on  the  farms  at  least  once  a  year  by 
the  board  of  directors  or  a  committee  of  its  members.  Before  gov- 
ernment aid  will  be  granted  for  a  specified  bull  he  must  have  received 
a  premium  or  "  recognition  money  "  at  a  government  show  or  at  a 
breeding-association  show  supported  by  the  government. 


16  TATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

In  explanation  of  the  phrase  "  recognition  money."  it  should  be 
stated  that  at  these  shows,  in  addition  to  the  regular  premiums  dis- 
tributed, a  certain  sum  of  money  is  distributed  among  the  bulls  which 
do  not  receive  premiums,  but  which  are  considered  worthy  of  recog- 
nition as  good  bulls.     This  is  called  "  recognition  money." 

A  bull  to  be  eligible  for  government  aid  must,  furthermore,  win  a 
premium  every  year  at  a  breeding-association  show  until  such  time  as 
his  offspring  receive  premiums;  or,  after  having  reached  the  age  of 
3  years,  he  must  at  least  be  found  worthy  of  a  premium  at  a  govern- 
ment show  unless  special  conditions  should  make  it  impossible  to  put 
the  animal  on  exhibition,  in  which  case  the  fact  must  be  certified  to  by 
the  chairman  of  the  district  show.  Xo  aid  shall  be  granted  before 
the  bull  reaches  the  age  of  If  years,  and  then  only  as  long  as  he  shall 
be  in  possession  of  his  full  breeding  capacity. 

In  case  a  bull  is  sold,  the  government  aid  can  be  retained  if  the 
association,  within  two  months  after  the  sale,  buys  another  bull  meet- 
ing the  above-named  requirements. 

The  Government  not  only  requires  certain  eligibility  rules  before 
granting  aid,  but  after  this  is  done  it  also  requires  a  complete  report 
from  each  association  at  the  end  of  the  year,  giving  detailed  infor- 
mation concerning  the  bull,  the  cows,  and  their  offspring,  and  the 
financial  condition  of  the  association.  This  supervision  keeps  the 
Government  in  touch  with  the  results  and  progress  of  the  work  in 
all  parts  of  the  country.  It  gives  an  opportunity  for  comparison 
between  individual  associations,  which  often  yields  much  valuable 
information  in  regard  to  the  success  of  the  work.  Furthermore,  the 
fact  that  a  very  detailed  report  is  required  once  a  year  means  that 
all  records  and  books  of  the  association  are  completed  at  that  time, 
which  helps  to  eliminate  to  some -extent  the  not  uncommon  careless- 
ness of  secretaries  and  treasurers  of  local  organizations  where  prompt- 
ness is  not  compulsory. 

The  following  blanks  used  for  making  application  for  government 
aid  and  for  making  yearly  reports  will  illustrate  the  extent  and 
details  of  the  government  supervision : 

APPLICATION    BLANK    FOR  GOVERNMENT   AID  TO   CATTLE-BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS.0 

Name  of  breeding  association:  . 


Name  of  common  management  association: 


"A  copy  of  tlic  laws  of  the  association  must  accompany  the  application.  If 
•  ill  associations  under  the  same  common  management  have  uniform  laws,  one 
copy  will  suffice  for  all  the  associations. 


MANAGEMENT   OF   BREEDERS     ASSOCIATIONS. 


17 


To  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
The  breeding  association  of  — 


in  province  hereby  applies  for 

government   aid   for   the   keeping  of   the   association   bulls,   according   to   law 
relating  to  domestic  animals  of  May  23,  1902. 

The  association  was  formed  the  .  and  has  to-day  members,  with 

selected  cows.     The  association   has  subordinated  itself  to  the  common 

management   of   the  .    the   declaration   of   which   will    be   found   on   the 

opposite  page. 

The  bull  belonging  to  the  association  is  of  the_ breed,  is  named  , 

was  born  in  the  mouth  of 
chased  at  a  price  of  


,  in  the  year  ,  with  ,  and  was  pur- 

of  which  was  cash  and  on  time. 

Its  pedigree  will  be  found  on  the  third  page.     It  has  been  owned  and  utilized 

by   the  association  since  ,  and  has  received  premiums  at  the  following 

shows    (name  the  circuit): 


Government  shows.          1  Year. 

1'rize. 

Breeding-association  shows. 

Year. 

l'rize. 

- 

Certificate  of  the  veterinarian  relating  to  the  health  and  breeding  capacity  of 
the  bull  will  be  found  on  next  page. 

Concerning  the  work  of  the  association  during  the  current  fiscal  year,  the  fol- 
lowing information  is  rendered:  [If  the  association  has  changed  bull  since  the 
last  1st  of  April,  it  must  be  stated  when  and  for  what  reason  the  former  bull 
was  sold.] 


The  breeding  association  of 


-.  the 


-,  190—. 


(  Signature  of  president  ) 


-,  President. 


P.  O.  address 


VETERINARIAN  S    CERTIFICATE. 


The  undersigned  has  to-day  examined  the  above-named  cattle-breeders'  asso- 
ciation bull,  named ,  and  found  it  healthy,  and  particularly  not  suffering 

from  any  disease  liable  to  be  transmitted  by  service,  and  in  possession  of  its 
breeding  capacity. 


-,  the 


-,  190—. 


(Signed) 


Authorized  veterinarian. 


Indorsement  of  the  chairman  of  the  common  management : 
This  application  is  recommended. 


-,  the 


-,  190—. 


(Signature) 


Chairman  of 


6253.: 


-Bull.  129— 31- 


18 


CATTLE    BREEDERS'    ASSOCIATIONS    IN    DENMARK. 


REPORT  TO  BE   SENT   TO   THE  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE    OH    THE    WORK   OF    CATTLE 
BREEDERS"    ASSOCIATIONS    RECEIVING    GOVERNMENT    All). 

4 
To  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

REPORT 

for  the  year  from  April  1,  100 — .  to  March  31.  190 — ,  from  —     —  cattle  breeders' 
association,  subordinated  to common  management 


Questions. 


Answers. 


I.  The  Association. 


I.  When  was  the  association  formed'.' 


2    How   manv   members  had  the  asso- 
tion  March  31.  190—? 


3.  How  many  members  are  also  mem- 
bers of  a  cow-test  association? 


II.  Information  Concerning  the  Bull  Owned  bt  the  Association  March  31. 
TOO — ,  at  the  End  of  the  Fiscal  Year. 


1.  Name  of  bull? 


2.  Breed  of  bull? 


3.  When  born' 


4.  Where  born? 


5.  Where  reared'; 


6.  When  bought? 


7.  The  price  paid  for  the  bull? 

(The  amount  on  time  stated  sep- 
arately.) 


8.  When  and  where  did  the  bull 
last  receive  a  premium,  and  what 
amount? 


MANAGEMENT    OF    BREEDERS      ASSOCIATIONS. 


19 


Quest  ions. 


III.  Other  Information  Concerning  the  Bull. 


!).  How  many  selected  cofws  did  the 

bull  serve  during  last  fiscal  year'.' 


10.  How  many  calves  were  dropped  last 
fiscal  year  by  cows  served  by  the 
bull?  * 


11.  How  often,  in  the  course  of  the 
year,  has  the  bull  been  examined 
by  a  veterinarian,  and  at  whai 
times? 


12.  With    whom    is    the    bull    stabled? 
(Name  and  post-office  address,  i 


IV.  Tin:  Cows. 


1.  How   many    selected   cows   did    the 


2. 

Who  selected  the  cows? 

3. 

Are  the  selected  cows  marked? 

4.  Are  the   selected  cows   divided   into 
classes?     How  many  in  each? 


5.  Have  the  herds  of  the  members 
been  examined  at  their  farms  In- 
direction of  the  management? 
"Who  made  the  examination? 
When  was  it  made? 


6.  How  many  cows,  all  told,  are  owned 
by  the  members? 

7.  How    many    cases    of    abortion    oc- 
curred  with   one  or   more  of  the 
members  of  the  association? 

8.  Has  a  collective  examination  of  the 
selected   cows  been   made  during 
the  year?     When  and  where'.- 

9.  What  service  fee  has  been  charged? 

20 


CATTLE   BREEDERS     ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 


Questions. 


Answers 


V.  The  Offspring. 


1.  Has  the  offspring  of  the  selected 
cows  been  collectively  examined 
by  the  management  of  the  asso- 
ciation?    If  so.  when  and  where? 


2.  TtVhat    is    their    opinion    about    the 
offspring  on  the  whole? 


.">.   Is    the   offspring   marked   according 
to  a   certain   system? 


VI.  Other  Remarks. 

(If  the  association,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  has  changed  bull,  information 
concerning  the  time  and  reason  should  be  given  here.) 

Account  for  the  year  from  April  l.  190 — ,  to  March  .?/,  190 — . 


expenses. 

REVENUE. 

1 .  Cash  from  last  year 

2.  Service  fees 

1.  Deficit  from  last  year.     . . 

2.  For  feeding  bull 

3.  Insurance  of  bull 

3.  Prizes 

4.  Veterinarian 

4.  Government  aid  for  the 
year 

5.  Exhibition  of  bu.ll 

6.  Interest 

5.  Other  revenue. .. 

7.  Payments 

Deficit  at  end  of  year. . . 
Total  revenue 

Cash  at  end  of  year 

Total  expenses 

Debt  of  the  association  March  31,  1! 
Property  of  the  association  March  3" 

)0— . . 

,  190— 

(value  of  bull  not  included). 

-,  breeding  association 


-,  190—. 
(Signed) 


-.  I'r<  siil rn  t. 
-.  Residence 
-,  P.  O.  address. 


IMPORTANCE   OF   LIVE-STOCK    SHOWS.  21 

VALUE   OF   SHOWS  AND   FAIRS. 

Although  the  value  of  shows  and  showing-  may  be  questioned  by 
some,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  Danish  experts  and  the  majority  of  the 
farmers  that  cattle  shows  and  fairs  have  been  a  very  important  factor 
in  developing  the  cattle  breeders'  associations  as  well  as  the  whole 
cattle  industry.  As  early  as  1810  premiums  for  bulls  were  distributed 
in  a  few  sections,  but  not  until  after  1852  did  the  practice  become 
general  throughout  the  country.  In  1852  the  Government  appro- 
priated $4,073.00  for  the  yearly  distribution  of  premiums  for  live 
stock  at  fairs  and  shows.  That  the  Government  has  considered  this 
money  well  expended  is  shown  by  the  gradual  increase  in  the  amount 
appropriated  for  such  purposes,  until  in  1906  it  reached  $85,358. 

The  shows  have  gradually  increased  in  number  as  well  as  in  exhibits 
and  attendance.  People  have  come  to  appreciate  more  and  more  the 
educational  benefit  of  showing,  and  the  efforts  of  the  Government  and 
the  management  of  the  shows  are  directed  toward  making  them  as 
educational  and  of  as  much  practical  value  to  the  people  as  possible. 

The  shows  ma}"  be  classified  as  follows: 

1.  Agricultural-association  shows. 

2.  Shows  of  breeding  associations  under  common  managements. 

3.  Government  bull  shows. 

4.  Shows  for  young  stock. 

5.  Agricultural  conventions. 

The  agricultural-association  shows  get  an  annual  subsidy  from  the 
Government  equal  to  the  amount  the  associations  themselves  appro- 
priate for  premiums  for  breeding  animals.  The  shows  of  breeding 
associations  under  common  management  get  twice  the  amount  they 
themselves  contribute  for  prizes.  The  government  bull  shows,  which 
are  more  fully  described  in  the  succeeding  chapter,  get  an  annual 
appropriation,  varying  according  to  the  recommendation  of  the  bull- 
show  commission." 

The  first  show  for  young  stock  was  held  in  1892.  The  aim  of  this 
show  was  to  get  together  the  best  of  all  the  young  stock  of  all  breeds 
from  the  whole  country.  In  the  development  of  the  breeds  the  aim 
had  been  the  fixing  of  certain  characteristics.  The  bringing  together 
of  the  young  stock  would  afford  an  opportunity  to  study  uniformity 
of  development,  as  well  as  giving  the  best  animals  from  the  different 
show  circuits  an  opportunity  to  compete  against  each  other.  These 
shows  have  now  become  annual  affairs  and  are  held  in  different  loca- 
tions each  year,  so  as  to  make  them  as  educative  as  possible.  The 
number  of  entries  and  visitors  has  increased  from  year  to  year,  for 

"  For  details  in  regard  to  distribution  of  premiums  see  sections  1,  2,  4.  p.  :>:>, 
in  Appendix. 


22  CATTLE   BREEDERS '   ASSOCIATIONS   IX    DENMARK. 

besides  the  educational  value  the  shows  have  also  come  to  be  of  con- 
siderable importance  as  a  place  to  sell  and  buy  breeding  stock. 

Agricultural  conventions  are  held  from  time  to  time.  The  prin- 
cipal object,  as  far  as  the  cattle  industry  is  concerned,  is  the  same  as 
for  the  yearly  shows  of  young  stock,  except  that  animals  of  all  ages 
are  shown. 

GOVERNMENT   SHOW   COMMISSIONS  AND   BULL   SHOWS. 

The  government  show  commission  is  a  body  of  men  appointed  by 
the  minister  of  agriculture,  who  supervises  all  the  fairs  and  shows  re- 
ceiving state  aid  for  premiums.  The  country  is  divided  into  thirteen 
districts,  or  circuits,  in  each  of  which  is  a  bull  commission.  The 
chairman  of  this  commission  is  appointed  by  the  minister  of  agricul- 
ture and  is  a  member  of  the  government  show  commission,  the  rest 
of  the  members  of  the  commission  being  appointed  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  agricultural  societies  in  the  district. 

In  1906,  $20,100  was  appropriated  for  premiums  at  government 
bull  shows,  for  bulls  over  3  years  old  and  in  possession  of  full  breed- 
ing power.  In  each  of  the  thirteen  show  districts  is  held  one  or  more 
annual  bull  shows,  which,  as  a  rule,  are  held  in  connection  with  other 
agricultural  association  shows.  The  amount  of  money  appropriated 
by  the  government  for  premiums  is  distributed  by  the  minister  of 
agriculture  among  the  show  districts  according  to  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  chairman  of  the  government  show  commission,  who  in  ad- 
vance has  secured  reports  and  recommendations  from  the  chairman 
of  the  bull-show  commissions.  In  the  distribution  are  considered  the 
number  of  animals  which  have  been  exhibited  and  have  received 
premiums  during  the  last  year  within  the  district,  and  the  number 
of  animals  present  at  the  last  government  show. 

The  government  show  commission  prepares  the  necessary  rules  to 
guide  the  judges,  thus  assuring  a  uniform  system  of  judging  through- 
out the  country. 

The  bull-show  commission,  however,  decides  upon  the  number  and 
amount  of  premiums,  the  rules  for  distributing  the  same,  and  the 
place  where  the  show  is  to  be  held.  Furthermore,  the  commission 
judges  the  animals  and  distributes  the  premiums. 

In  awarding  premiums  the  offspring  of  the  competing  animals  are 
particularly  considered,  so  that  the  principal  part  of  the  money  ex- 
pended is  on  account  of  the  power  of  the  bull  to  produce  good  off- 
spring rather  than  for  his  individuality. 

If  a  bull  receives  a  premium  the  owner  is  under  obligation  to  let 
the  animal  remain  in  the  country  for  breeding  purposes  until  the  1st 
of  May  the  following  year,  which  practically  means  for  a  year  after 
the  premium  has  been  awarded,  as  all  the  shows  are  held  during  the 
summer  months.    In  case  the  receiver  of  a  premium  decides  to  forego 


METHOD   OF   JUDGING   AT   SHOWS.  23 

this  obligation,  the  premium  is  to  be  returned  to  the  government 
treasury. 

It  is  also  tho  duty  of  the  chairman  of  the  bull-show  commission  to 
see  that  records  are  kept  containing  accurate  descriptions  as  well  as 
information  in  regard  to  the  pedigree  and  offspring  of  the  bulls  re- 
ceiving premiums.  A  report  on  these  topics  and  a  statement  of  the 
amount  distributed  in  premiums  and  otherwise  expended  for  the  hold- 
ing of  the  bull  show  in  each  district  is  sent  to  the  minister  of  agri- 
culture each  year  before  the  end  of  October. 

The  importance  of  the  bull  shows  in  developing  the  cattle  breeders' 
associations  and  in  improving  the  cattle  of  the  country  can  not  be 
overestimated.  As  previously  stated,  in  the  distribution  of  the  prizes 
by  far  the  most  importance  is  placed  on  the  offspring.  It  is  not 
uncommon  for  a  bull  or  a  stallion  which  has  been  unable  to  take 
premiums  as  an  individual  to  receive  high  awards  when  shown  with 
offspring.  These  shows  therefore  give  to  bulls  which  may  be  lack- 
ing somewhat  in  form  and  general  appearance,  but  which  have  the 
power  to  produce  good  offspring,  a  chance  to  be  recognized  and 
valued  as  they  deserve.  On  the  other  band,  bulls  which  have  ranked 
high  before  the  a<re  of  3  rears  mav  be  entirelv  out  of  the  show  ring 
later  if  they  can  not  produce  good  offspring.  As  the  real  value  of  a 
bull  depends  upon  the  quality  of  his  offspring  more  than  on  his  ap- 
pearance, these  shows  have  had  a  marked  influence  upon  the  rapid 
improvement  of  the  cattle. 

METHOD   OF  JUDGING  AT   SHOWS. 

Many  changes  mark  the  development  of  the  judging  of  cattle  at 
shows.  The  scale  of  points  on  one  of  the  first  score  cards  in  use  was 
24,  giving  16  points  for  the  escutcheon  and  8  points  for  build  and 
general  appearance.  This  seemingly  undue  importance  laid  on  the 
escutcheon  was  principally  due  to  the  Frenchman,  Guenon.  who  at 
that  time  called  special  attention  to  the  escutcheon  as  an  indication 
of  good  milking  capacity.  The  score  card  was  gradually  changed 
and  broadened.  More  divisions  in  the  scale  of  points  were  made  as 
the  importance  of  the  different  features  which  constituted  a  good 
dairy  animal  became  clearer. 

In  1887  the  ancestors  of  the  animals  were  for  the  first  time  con- 
sidered in  the  judging,  by  giving  8  points  in  a  scale  of  72  for  pedigree. 
In  1903  the  government  show  commission  revised  the  score  card  for 
dairy  cattle  as  follows : 

Points. 

Form  and  size 15 

Quality  and  dairy  temperament 12 

Milking  qualities 12 

Fedigree 12 

Total 51 


24  CATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

The  points  given  for  pedigree  were  to  be  considered  under  the 
following  heads: 

Points. 

a.  Detailed  information  in  regard  to  ancestors 2 

b.  Premiums  awarded  to  the  animals  mentioned  in  pedigree 3 

c.  The  importance  of  the  family   in  the  development  of  the 

breed 3 

(7.  Detailed  information  in  regard  to  amount  of  milk  and  per 

cent  of  fat  in  milk 4 

Total 12 

In  the  judging  of  animals  at  fairs  and  shows  it  has  become  the 
aim  more  and  more  to  place  the  animal  according  to  its  breeding 
value  as  shown  b\  its  offspring  and  by  performance.  Although  the 
methods  employed  with  this  in  view  differ  in  various  parts  of  the 
country,  all  are  working  toward  this  end.  At  a  show  held  in  Copen- 
hagen in  11)05  there  was  a  class  for  herds  of  cows  with  authenticated 
records.  In  order  to  be  eligible  to  this  class  heifers  after  the  first 
calf  had  to  show  a  record  of  at  least  5,500  pounds  of  milk,  with  an 
average  of  3.2  per  cent  fat.  From  heifers  after  second  calf  an 
average  was  required  of  at  least  0,050  pounds  for  the  two  years,  with 
3.2  per  cent  fat,  and  for  aged  cows  an  average  of  0,600  pounds  of 
milk  a  year,  with  3.2  per  cent  fat.  In  the  herd  contest  the  average 
per  cent  of  fat  in  each  herd  exhibited  was  required  to  be  at  least 
3.4  per  cent.  For  every  additional  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent  1  point, 
not  to  exceed  9  points  in  all,  was  added  to  the  total  score. 

The  herd  premiums  were  awarded  first  according  to  the  appearance 
of  the  cows;  then  an  additional  premium  was  given  for  production. 
In  the  classification  according  to  production,  330  pounds  of  butter 
was  given  1  point,  and  an  additional  half  point  was  given  for  each 
11  pounds  of  butter  over  330  pounds.  Half  a  point  was  given  for 
a  fat  content  of  3.5  per  cent,  and  for  every  additional  one-tenth  of  1 
per  cent  half  a  point  was  added." 

Upon  this  scale  the  herds  were  recognized  in  the  following  classes: 

Class  I  A 7  points  or  more. 

Class  I  B 5  to  7  points. 

Class  II  A : 3  to  5  points. 

Class  II  B 1  to  3  points. 

"The  customary  method  of  calculating  butter  is  as  fellows:  The  loss  of  fat 

in  skim  milk  and  buttermilk  is  estimated  at  0.15  pound  of  fat  in  every  100 

pounds  of  milk;  and  the  butter  is  considered  to  contain  SO  per  cent  butter  fat. 

This  gives  the  formula  : 

[(Pounds  of  milk  X  percentage  of  butter  fat)  — (pounds  of  milk  X  0.0015)]X 

100 

-^-r=pounds  of  butter. 


METHOD    OF   JUDGING    AT    SHOWS.  25 

By  this  method  of  judging  both  the  quantity  and  the  quality  of 
the  milk  was  taken  into  consideration  as  well  as  the  individuality 
of  the  animals. 

At  an  agricultural  convention  in  the  island  of  Funen  in  190G,  in 
order  for  a  bull  to  compete  for  prizes  it  was  required  to  present 
authenticated  records  of  his  dam  for  at  least  two  }rears.  Further- 
more, her  production  had  to  be  at  least  198  pounds"  of  butter  a  year 
for  her  first  and  second  years,  and  27.")  pounds  for  the  following- 
years.  After  complying  with  these  requirements  the  bulls  could  be 
entered  in  two  classes,  to  be  judged  either  for  their  individual^'  or 
for  their  offspring. 

Not  only  in  Denmark,  but  also  in  other  European  countries,  much 
stress  is  laid  upon  pedigree  and  yield  in  the  judging  of  dairy  animals. 
In  Sweden  the  following  score  card  has  been  successfully  used  in 
the  judging  of  young  bulls  : 

Points. 

Pedigree 3 

Yield  of  ancestors 3 

Form,  genera]  appearance,  and  strength :! 

Total !> 

Under  pedigree  are  especially  considered  the  male  ancestors  and 
their  power  to  transmit  their  characteristics,  and  under  the  yield  of 
ancestors  is  considered  the  amount  produced  of  both  milk  and  butter. 

That  the  above  methods  of  judging  can  be  carried  out  success- 
fully is  principally  due  to  the  cow-test  associations,  the  records  of 
which  are  taken  as  authenticated  for  this  work.  It  has  been  a  point 
for  much  discussion  as  to  how  much  importance  should  be  placed 
upon  pedigree  and  how  much  upon  records  in  the  judging  of  an 
animal.  To  go  from  a  s}rstem  of  judging  on  individuality  alone  to 
a  system  of  judging  almost  entirely  on  the  records  would  be  going 
from  one  extreme  to  another.  The  fact  that  form  is  the  result  of 
function  does  not  make  the  judging  on  individuality  without  founda- 
tion. However,  by  also  placing  due  importance  on  the  ancestors 
and  their  production,  stress  is  laid  upon  those  points  that  specially 
determine  the  value  of  the  animal  for  both  breeding  and  economic 
purposes. 

MARKET  PRICES   OF   BULLS   AND   CONDITIONS   OF   TRANSFER. 

In  190G  the  average  price  for  bulls  of  the  Jutland  breed  was 
$406.27,  $152.76  of  this  being  cash  and  $253.51  "  on  condition."  The 
average  for  the  Red  Danish  breed  was  $480.79,  of  which  $192.69 

"One  Danish  pound  equals  1.1023G8  English  pounds.  The  weights  men- 
tioned in  this  bulletin  are  all  given  in  English  pounds,  taking  1.1  English  as 
equal  to  1  Danish. 


26  CATTLE    BREEDERS*    ASSOCIATIONS    IN    DENMARK. 

was  cash  and  $288.10  w"  on  condition."  The  conditional  part  of  the 
sale  is  explained  as  follow^ : 

Since,  in  order  to  obtain  government  aid,  bulls  must  be  recognized 
at  the  shows  receiving  government  support,  it  is  common  to  buy  bulls 
for  a  certain  sum  of  money  payable  on  delivery  and  an  additional 
sum  according  to  the  recognition  the  bull  receives  in  the  show  ring. 
A  further  sum  may  also  be  paid  if  the  bull  gets  over  a  certain  per 
cent  of  the  cows  he  serves  with  calf  or,  in  case  he  is  shown  the  first 
time  with  offspring,  if  he  receives  a  premium  of  not  less  than  a  cer- 
tain rank.  As  it  may  take  two  years  before  some  of  the  terms  can 
be  decided  upon,  the  buyer  is,  of  course,  responsible  and  liable  to  the 
seller  for  the  treatment  the  animal  receives  up  to  that  time.  The 
seller  must  furnish  a  guaranteed  pedigree  as  well  as  health  certificate, 
including  test  for  tuberculosis,  and  also  guarantee  that  the  bull  is  in 
possession  of  his  breeding  power.  The  fact  that  the  greater  part  of 
the  purchase  price  of  the  animals  depends  upon  conditions,  as  stated 
above,  shows  how  the  people  value  and  are  willing  to  pay  for  those 
qualities  in  the  bull  which  can  not  be  judged  from  his  outward 
appearance,  but  which  largel}'  determine  his  value  for  improving  the 
herd.  (See  Appendix,  p.  38,  for  complete  form  of  contract  commonly 
used  in  sale  of  bulls.) 

DIFFICULTIES   ENCOUNTERED   IN   THE  WORK   OF   THE 
ASSOCIATIONS. 

Some  of  the  difficulties  the  associations  have  had  to  meet  and  which 
in  many  cases  hinder  the  good  results  to  be  expected  from  this  work 
are: 

1.  The  associations  do  not  as  a  rule  keep  their  bulls  long  enough. 
Many  of  the  associations  keep  their  bulls  only  one,  two,  or  at  the 

most  three  years.  This  time  is  altogether  too  short  to  ascertain  the 
real  breeding  value  of  the  bull  as  shown  by  the  offspring.  The  prin- 
cipal, reasons  for  this  frequent  change  of  bulls  are  that  many  farmers 
fear  evil  effects  from  inbreeding,  and  that  the  bulls  become  either 
vicious  or  nonbreeders.  That  the}-  become  vicious  is  often  attributed 
to  the  custom  of  changing  the  boarding  place  of  the  bull  from  year 
to  year  in  order,  perhaps,  to  save  a  few  dollars  on  his  keep.  Often 
the  bulls  become  nonbreeders  due  to  overfattening,  lack  of  exercise, 
or  too  heavy  service  when  young. 

The  result  of  this  frequent  change  of  bulls,  even  of  the  same  breed, 
is  in  many  cases  a  hindrance  to  the  development  of  the  cattle  industry 
in  the  community,  since  the  offspring  from  year  to  year  are  lacking 
in  uniformity. 

2.  Some  associations  have  too  large  a  membership. 


INFLUENCE   OF   CATTLE   BREEDERS*   ASSOCIATIONS.  27 

0 

It  can  readily  be  understood  that  if  an  association  is  too  large  in 
membership  and  in  number  of  cows  the  benefit  to  the  individual  mem- 
ber becomes  smaller.  Associations  having  a  membership  of  from 
40  to  GO,  with  from  300  to  400  cows  and  only  1  bull,  will  not  be  nearly 
so  important  as  will  the  smaller  associations.  It  is  considered  that  a 
full-grown  bull  can  be  used  on  125  to  150  cows  a  year  if  the  time  of 
calving  is  scattered  throughout  the  }Tear;  but  as  a  rule  the  cows  are 
bred  during  a  few  months,  and  in  such  cases  the  ratio  of  cows  to  bulls 
should  not  be  more  than  50  to  1,  especially  if  the  association  is  aiming 
to  keep  the  bull  for  several  years. 

3.  Frequency  of  abortions. 

Although  all  cattle  breeders'  associations  have  rules  prohibiting 
cows  that  have  aborted  from  being  bred  to  association  bulls,  vet  in 
many  cases  abortions  have  been  spread  b}'  the  bull  from  herd  to  herd. 
Abortion  in  a  herd  not  only  causes  an  immediate  loss  due  to  a  lower 
production,  but  may  check  improvement  in  the  herd  for  several  }^ears. 
To  prevent  the  spread  of  the  disease,  not  only  is  great  care  taken  in 
disinfecting  the  bull  after  each  service,  but  in  some  associations  there 
is  carried  out  a  frequent  sj^stematic  veterinary  inspection  and  exam- 
ination of  all  cows  in  the  association. 

4.  Members  do  not  always  use  the  association  bull. 

In  some  communities  the  members  may  have  to  lead  their  cows  a 
considerable  distance  to  reach  the  association  bull.  This,  as  also  the 
higher  service  fee,  often  causes  members  who  are  not  fully  alive  to 
the  importance  of  a  well-bred  bull  in  improving  the  herd  to  neglect 
to  bring  their  cows  to  the  association  bull. 

INFLUENCE    OF     CATTLE    BREEDERS'     ASSOCIATIONS     UPON    THE 

DAIRY    INDUSTRY. 

The  influence  of  the  cattle  breeders'  associations  is  especially  marked 
along  the  following  lines: 

1.  By  organization  and  cooperation  it  became  possible  for  the 
smaller  farmers  to  obtain  a  rapid  improvement  in  their  herds,  which 
otherwise  would  practically  have  been  impossible. 

2.  They  have  constantly  and  forcibly  demonstrated  to  the  farmer 
the  value  of  a  purebred  bull  of  recognized  family  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  herd. 

3.  The  herd  books  and  records  kept  by  the  associations  have  taught 
the  farmer  to  appreciate  the  value  of  a  pedigree  in  the  selection  of 
breeding  animals. 

4.  By  cooperating  with  the  cow-test  associations  and  agricultural 
societies  it  has  become  possible  to  employ  many  cattle  experts,  who 
not  only  have  acted  as  educators  and  advisers  but  to  whom  is  due  the 
credit  for  the  uniform  and  systematic  way  in  which  this  work  is 
carried  on  throughout  the  country. 


28  CATTLE   BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS   IN   DENMARK. 

The  important  part  played  by  the  breeders'  associations  in  the  im- 
provement of  the  cattle  is  quite  noticeable  at  the  fairs  and  shows.  A 
few  years  ago  the  greater  portion  of  the  animals  exhibited,  especially 
bulls,  belonged  to  individual  farmers  owning  large  herds.  To-day 
not  only  do  more  bulls  in  the  show  rings  belong  to  the  breeders'  as- 
sociations, but  these  most  frequently  carry  off  the  highest  honors.  By 
means  of  these  associations  a  large  number  of  the  smaller  farmers 
who  could  not  afford  to  keep  or  buy  a  high-priced  bull  for  a  few  cows 
have  had  an  equal  opportunity  for  improving  their  herds,  as  well  as 
equal  chances  at  the  shows,  with  the  farmers  who  own  the  large  herds. 
Furthermore,  they  have  added  greatly  to  the  interest  taken  in  the 
shows  and  fairs,  as  each  member  of  an  association  takes  a  personal  in- 
terest and  pride  in  having  his  association  bull  successfully  meet  the 
often  very  keen  competition. 

GROWTH   OF   THE   INDUSTRY. 

The  number  of  cows  in  Denmark  in  I860  was  812,000,  with  an 
average  annual  production  of  about  2,200  pounds  of  milk  per  cow. 
The  number  of  cows  in  1903  was  1,089,073,  with  an  average  produc- 
tion of  5,720  pounds.  The  average  annual  production  at  the  present 
time  is  estimated  to  be  about  0,000  pounds  of  milk  per  cow. 

The  increase  in  the  production  has  been  specially  noticeable  as  the 
cooperative  movement  has  taken  hold  of  branch  after  branch  of  the 
cattle  industry  as  well  as  other  phases  of  agricultural  work  which 
indirectly  would  influence  its  development.  The  period  from  1880 
to  1883  will  ahvays  be  memorable  in  the  history  of  Danish  agricul- 
ture, because  it  marks  the  organization  of  the  first  cooperative  cream- 
ery, the  first  permanent  cattle  breeders'  association,  the  publishing  of 
the  first  public  herd  book,  and  the  appointment  of  the  committee  for 
the  preservation  and  improvement  of  the  Jutland  breed.  It  also 
marks  the  period  at  which  Denmark  ceased  to  export  grain,  due  to 
the  fact  that  it  proved  more  economical  to  feed  it  to  the  cattle.  Since 
then  not  only  has  the  grain  raised  in  the  country  been  fed  to  the  live 
stock,  but  the  importation  of  grain  and  concentrated  feedstuffs  has 
increased  from  year  to  year.  In  1907  the  imports  amounted  to  1,G08 
million  pounds  of  grain,  987  million  pounds  of  oil  meal  and  oil  cake, 
and  131  million  pounds  of  bran  and  gluten,  a  total  of  2,720  million 
pounds.  The  larger  portion  of  this  large  total  of  feedstuffs  has  been 
used  in  the  production  of  butter,  of  which,  in  1907,  200,009,200  pounds 
were  exported  to  England.  But  in  addition  it  has  added  thousands 
of  dollars  worth  of  plant  food  to  the  soil.  The  fertility  once  lost 
through  the  marketing  of  the  grain  from  the  farms  has  not  only  been 
replaced,  but  in  many  sections  the  soil  is  richer,  and  is  at  present 
producing  larger  crops  than  ever  in  the  past. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.  29 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  the  great  improvement  effected  in 
Danish  cattle  has  not  been  brought  about  by  importation  of  high- 
priced  animals  from  other  countries,  but  is  simply  due  to  organization 
and  cooperation,  careful  selection,  systematic  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  breeding,  and  good  care  and  liberal  feeding  of  the  cattle.  It 
is  the  result  of  having  a  definite  purpose  in  view  which  is  never  lost 
sight  of.  The  Jutland  cow,  once  primarily  kept  for  the  production  of 
beef,  has  been  changed  into  a  profitable  dairy  cow.  The  average 
annual  production  of  the  Red  Danish  cows,  according  to  the  creamery 
statistics  for  the  island  of  Funen  in  1907,  was  0,930  pounds  per  cow, 
an  amount  that  will  compare  favorably  with  any  dairy  breed. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The  author  desires  to  acknowledge  the  great  courtesy  received  in 
Denmark,  not  only  from  the  officials  and  experts  connected  with  the 
agricultural  department  and  the  agricultural  societies,  but  on  every 
hand  where  information  was  sought.  He  is  especialljT  indebted  to 
Lars  Frederiksen,  one  of  the  cattle  experts  employed  by  the  Jutland 
Agricultural  Society,  for  the  valuable  references  given  to  agricultural 
reports  and  to  other  agricultural  literature. 

The  following  literature  has  been  made  use  of  in  preparing  this 
bulletin : 

Kousulentberetniug  ofjyclske  Landboforeninger,  1905.     S.  1*.  Petersen. 

Husdyrbrug  of  1906.     Axel  Appel. 

Kvaegavl  og  Kvaegoixlraet.     A.  Svendsen. 

Landokonomisk  Aarbog,  1907.     H.  ('.  Larsen. 

Kvaegbrugets  Udvikling  i  Danmark,  A.  Appel  og  1'.  A.  Morkeberg. 


APPENDIX. 

BV-I.VWS  FOR   CATTLE  BREEDERS-   ASSOCIATION'S   UNDER  COMMON    MANAGE- 
MENT ON  THE  ISLAND  OF  FUNEN. 

Section  1.  The  aim  of  the  cattle  breeders'  association  is  to  produce  the  sure 
and  rapid  development  of  a  sound,  well-built,  productive.  Red  Danish  breed  of 
milch  cows.  The  aim  shall  he  reached  principally  by  the  purchase  of  meritori- 
ous herd  hulls,  by  selecting  the  best  dams  i  the  selection  being,  as  much  as 
possible,  based  on  information  about  yielding  capacity  and  pedigree),  by  a 
rational  treatment  of  the  offspring,  and  by  the  holding  of  local  shows  according 
to  rules  stated  below. 

Sec.  2.  (o)  Every  cattle  breeder  within  the  district  is  eligible  to  membership 
who  subscribes  to  these  by-laws  and  has  in  his  herd  at  least  one  cow  which  is 
considered  by  the  management  of  the  association  to  be  worthy  of  joining  the 
ranks  of  the  breeding  animals. 

(  b  i  Members  who  join  later  enter  with  rights  aud  obligations  in  proportion 
to  and  in  accordance  with  the  state  of  affairs  approved  by  the  last  general 
meeting. 

Sec.  3.  Members  may  be  accepted  at  any  time  on  application  to  the  chairman 
or  a  member  of  the  board  of  directors. 

Sec.  4.  Withdrawals  from  the  association  can  take  place  only  on  the  1st  of 
April  of  each  year,  and  notification  in  writing  must  be  sent  to  the  chairman  not 
less  than  one  year  in  advance  and  be  receipted  for.  From  the  day  of  receipt 
of  the  notification  tbe  member  shall  have  no  vote. 

Sec.   5.  The  management  of  the  association   shall  be  vested  in  a  board  of 

directors  of  members,  elected  for  four  years  by  the  general  meeting. 

From  the  board  of  directors,  which  elects  its  own  chairman,  members 

shall  retire,  alternately,  every  other  year;  the  first  time  the  retirement  shall 
be  by  lot.  later  according  to  turn.     Reelection  is  permitted. 

The  district  of  the  association  shall  be  divided  into  circuits,  with  a  member 
of  the  board  as  manager  of  each  circuit. 

Sec.  0.  The  members  of  the  board  of  directors  shall  see  to  the  enforcement 
of  the  laws  and  take  care  of  the  affairs  of  the  association.  When  the  chairman 
or  three  of  the  members  desire,  meetings  of  the  board  shall  be  held.  Both  at 
these  and  at  the  general  meetings  records  shall  be  kept. 

The  board  shall  select,  purchase,  offer  for  service,  exclude,  and  sell  the  herd 
bulls  of  the  association,  select  the  cows  of  the  members,  act  as  judges  at  the 
local  shows,  and  give  the  members  advice  regarding  their  bookkeeping. 

The  chairman  shall  call  the  meetings  of  the  board  of  directors,  decide  when 
and  where  they  shall  be  held,  preside  at  the  same,  and  keep  the  minutes.  lie 
shall  represent  the  association,  keep  its  correspondence  and  accounts,  and  act 
as  its  treasurer.  He  shall  be  responsible  for  the  funds  of  the  association 
intrusted  to  him  aud  endeavor  to  make  them  profitable. 

The  circuit  managers  shall  work  for  the  benefit  of  the  association  in  their 
respective  districts  and  pay  strict  attention  to  the  work  there.     The  board  of 
directors  or  a  committee  of  the  members  shall,  once  a  year,  inspect  the  herds  of 
the  members  ou  their  farms. 
30 


APPENDIX.  31 

Sec.  7.  The  herd  bull  must  be  sound  and  well  built,  of  lied  Danish  milking 
breed,  and  recognized  good  pedigree.  He  shall  be  insured,  and  twice  a  year 
shall  be  examined  by  a  veterinary  surgeon.  He  should  not  be  utilized  for  breed- 
ing purposes  until  he  reaches  the  age  of  13  years.  When  purchasing  bulls,  the 
association  should  secure  guarantee  of  breeding  capacity.  The  bull  shall  be 
exhibited  every  year  until  he  shall  have  received  premiums  on  account  of  his 
offspring.  Until  the  age  of  3  years  he  shall  be  exhibited  at  a  breeding  asso- 
ciation show  subsidized  by  the  Government ;  and  after  the  age  of  3  years  at  the 
government  show.     He  shall  also  be  exhibited  at  the  local  shows. 

Sec  8.  The  members  are  entitled  to  have  their  cows  served  by  the  association 
bull,  provided  that  the  cows  are  not  subject  to  abortion,  are  otherwise  healthy, 
and  are  approved  by  the  board  of  directors. 

Sec  9.  The  fee  for  service  shall  be  determined  every  year  by  the  board  of 
directors,  and  shall  be  paid  by  the  members  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  their 
eligible  cows. 

Sec  10.  Every  member  must  keep  the  records  directed  by  the  board  of 
directors  and  is  bound  to  exhibit,  at  the  local  shows  arranged  by  the  board  of 
directors,  all  selected  cows  and  their  offspring  by  the  association  bull  until 
the  heifers  become  pregnant  for  the  first  time  and  the  bulls  reach  the  age  of 
2  years.  Calves  less  than  3  months  old  need  not  be  exhibited.  Each  calf  shall 
be  earmarked  with  the  number  of  its  dam,  according  to  a  method  adopted  by  the 
management. 

The  members  shall  be  bound  on  the  demand  of  the  board  of  directors  to  ex- 
hibit the  offspring  of  the  association  bull,  if  such  are  in  existence,  at  the  annual 
offspring  shows  preceding  the  government  shows. 

Sec  11.  The  cows  shall  be  selected  and  a  record  kept  in  the  selection  book. 
The  selection  shall  be  conducted  under  proper  supervision,0  but  may  take  place 
at  any  time  of  the  year,  and  either  at  the  farms  or  at  the  local  shows. 

Only  healthy  animals  shall  be  admitted.  According  to  their  characteristics 
they  shall  be  divided  into  two  classes,  A  and  B,  the  former  of  which  includes 
animals  especially  suited  for  breeding  and  the  latter  comprises  animals  which  may 
be  utilized  for  breeding  purposes.  Every  animal  shall  have  its  number  branded 
on  the  back  of  the  right  horn.  Cows  of  class  A  also  have  an  A  branded  on  the 
back  of  the  left  horn.  Branding  may  be  dispensed  with  when  the  cows  are 
otherwise  marked  in  a  safe  manner. 

Sec  12.  The  board  of  directors  fixes  the  time  and  place  of  the  local  shows, 
and  notifies  the  members  eight  days  in  advance.  Any  cows  excluded  by  the 
circuit  manager,  with  the  acquiescence  of  the  owner,  need  not  be  exhibited,  as 
they  are  considered  stricken  out. 

Sec  13.  The  fiscal  year  of  the  association  shall  run  from  the  1st  of  April 
to  the  31st  of  March.  The  chairman  shall  deliver  his  accounts,  and  they  shall 
be  returned  to  him  in  the  course  of  eight  days. 

For  accounts  relating  to  the  individual  cows  and  the  association  bulls  the 
adopted  forms  are  used.  When  the  selected  cows  have  been  accepted  by  a  cow- 
test  association,  the  forms  of  the  latter  are  used. 

Sec  14.  A  regular  general  meeting  shall  be  held  once  a  year  after  eight 
days  previous  notification.  At  the  annual  meeting  the  audited  accounts  shall 
be  produced,  and  the  chairman  shall  give  a  short  report  of  the  work  of  the 
association  during  the  past  year.  Furthermore,  new  members  of  the  board  of 
directors  shall  be  elected  to  succeed  the  retiring  members  and  also  two  auditors. 


a  See  law  on  domestic  animals,  in  Appendix,  paragraph  14. 


32  CATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

All  questions  except  those  mentioned  in  section  16  are  decided  upon  by  a 
majority  vote.  The  votes  must  be  delivered  in  person.  At  the  general  meeting 
all  matters  or  questions  communicated  to  the  chairman  in  writing  at  least  four 
days  prior  to  the  meeting,  or  proposed  by  the  board  of  directors,  are  discussed 
and  acted  upon. 

Extra  general  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  board  of  directors,  and  must  be 
called  when  one-third  of  the  members  so  desire.  The  call  shall  be  issued  as 
aforesaid. 

Sec.  15.  The  members  are  jointly  responsible  for  all  debts  contracted  in 
accordance  with  the  action  of  the  general  meeting  and  for  deficits  in  the  annual 
accounts  or  in  the  settlement  of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  association  when 
such  settlement  has  to  be  made  on  account  of  the  death  or  sale  of  bulls  or  for 
any  other  reason ;  each  individual's  liability  being  in  proportion  to  the  greatest 
number  of  cows  registered  as  belonging  to  him  at  any  time  during  the  fiscal 
year,  regardless  of  whether  some  of  them  were  sold,  killed,  or  stricken  out. 
At  withdrawals  the  withdrawing  member,  in  order  to  be  relieved  of  his  liability, 
must  pay  the  proportionate  portion  of  the  debt  of  the  association,  according  to_^ 
a  statement  rendered  by  the  board  and  approved  by  the  general  meeting.  He 
shall  not  be  entitled  to  any  portion  of  a  possible  surplus. 

Sec  16.  The  dissolution  of  the  association  can  only  be  agreed  upon  by 
a  general  meeting  where  three  fourth  of  the  members  are  present  and  when 
three-fourths  of  those  present  vote  in  favor  thereof.  If  no  quorum  should  be 
obtained  by  the  first  call,  a  new  general  meeting  shall  decide  by  a  majority  vote, 
regardless  of  the  number  of  members  present. 

LAW   RELATING   TO    INSTITUTIONS   FOR   THE   PROMOTION   OF  THE   BREEDING 
AND   KEEPING  OF  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS." 

The  institutions  named  l>elow.  for  the  promotion  of  the  breeding  and  keeping 
of  domestic  animals,  shall  be  aided  by  government  subsidies  as  follows: 

DISTRIBUTION   OF   PREMIUMS   AT    SHOWS. 

1.  The  provincial  agricultural  association  fairs  or  shows  may  receive  a  sub- 
sidy which,  with  the  restriction  named  in  section  3.  shall  be  equal  to  the  amount 
the  associations  themselves  appropriate  for  premiums  for  breeding  animals. 
Agricultural  associations  holding  their  annual  shows  in  common  may  receive, 
subject  to  the  discretion  of  the  minister  of  agriculture,  a  further  aid  of  10  per 
cent  of  the  amount  named.     (See  sees.  2  and  3.) 

2.  Shows  in  common.     (See  sees.  2  and  4  to  6.) 

(a)  The  shows  conducted  by  associations  under  common  management  may 
be  aided  to  the  amount  of  twice  as  much  as  the  interested  associations  them- 
selves contribute  for  prizes  at  these  shows. 

4.  Government  shows  for  bulls  may  receive  the  amount  of  73,000  kroner 
($20,100).     (See  sees.  2  and  7  to  11.) 

BREEDING  ASSOCIATIONS. 

6.  Cattle  breeding  associations  may  receive  150  kroner  ($40.20)  for  each  bull 
belonging  to  the  association.     (See  sees.  12  and  14.) 

7.  Breeding  associations  specially  apt  to  develop  good  strains  may  receive 
sums  up  to  20.000  kroner  ($5,360).     (See  sec.  15.) 

0  Only  those  clauses  which  influence  the  cattle  industry  are  here  quoted. 


APPENDIX.  33 

OTHER    INSTITUTIONS    RELATING    TO    THE    BREEDING    AND    KEEPING    OF    DOMESTIC 

ANIMALS. 

9.  Test  associations  may  receive  up  to  250  kroner  ($07)  each;  not.  however, 
to  exceed  a  total  amount  of  120,000  kroner  ($32,160).     (See  sec.  17.) 

10.  For  competitions  between  entire  herds  there  may  be  appropriated  an 
amount  of  not  more  than  25,000  kroner  ($6,700).     (See  sec.  18.) 

13.  For  the  publication  of  herd  books,  an  amount  of  not  more  than  20,000 
kroner  ($5,360).     (See  sec.  21.) 

14.  For  experts  in  breeding,  a  subsidy  of  sums  up  to  three-fifths  of  their 
annual  salaries;  not.  however,  to  exceed  30,000  kroner  ($8,040).     (See  sec.  22.) 

15.  Institutions  not  included  in  those  above  named,  but  aiming  at  the  pro 
motion  of  the  breeding  and  keeping  of  domestic  animals,  and  in  the  judgment 
of  the  minister  of  agriculture  deserving  support,  shall  receive  an  amount  not 
to  exceed  40.000  kroner  ($10,720). 

Furthermore,  the  Government  shall  defray  the  per  diem  and  transportation 
expenses  of  the  chairmen  of  the  bull  and  stallion  show  commissions,  of  the 
judges  at  the  government  shows,  and  of  the  supervisors  of  the  shows  of  the 
breeding  associations,  and  the  expenses  connected  with  the  publication  of  the 
reports  of  the  government  show  commissions. 

Aid  for  Fremiums  at  Shows." 

Sec.  2.  In  awarding  premiums  according  to  this  law.  everything  else  being 
equal,  the  first  animals  to  be  considered  shall  be  such  as  have  prominent  marks 
of  their  breed,  have  reliable  and  instructive  pedigree  records,  and  belong  to 
good,  and  as  far  as  possible,  pure  breeds  and  families. 

It  shall  also  be  looked  after  that  animals  having  received  premiums  at  one 
show  shall  not  receive  such  at  another  show  in  the  same  year;  the  cooperative 
shows  mentioned  in  section  1,  paragraph  2,  and  shows  at  agricultural  conven- 
tions, however,  excepted. 

Sec  3.  The  government  aid  mentioned  in  section  1,  paragraph  1,  shall,  in 
the  proportion  there  stated,  be  distributed  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  among 
the  agricultural  associations  working  for  the  promotion  of  the  breeding  and 
keeping  of  domestic  animals;  provided,  however,  that  no  association  which  has 
not  been  in  existence  for  one  year,  and  has  not  at  least  150  contributing  mem- 
bers, with  annual  contributions  aggregating  at  least  300  kroner  ($S0.40),  shall 
receive  government  aid  (provided,  however,  that  the  minister  of  agriculture, 
when  special  geographical  conditions  make  it  desirable,  may  ignore  this  rule)  ; 
and  further  provided,  that  the  number  of  kroner  in  the  subsidy  shall  not  be 
more  than  four  times  the  number  of  contributing  members  in  the  association. 

The  amounts  appropriated  may  be  used  for  premiums  and  recognition  money  6 
for: 

Bulls  between  1  and  3  years  old. 

Cows  and  heifers;  provided  that  individual  cows  or  heifers  shall  not  receive 
prizes  when  belonging  to  herds  of  more  than  six  milk  cows. 

Herds  of  at  least  three  members,  the  female  animals  of  which  must  have 
been  born  in  the  ownership  of  the  exhibitor,  or  else  reared  by  him,  and  in  the 
latter  case  must  have  been  bought  by  him  before  they  were  3  months  old ;  and 
family  groups  of  cattle. 

°  Section  1  is  a  summary  of  the  provisions  stated  in  more  detail  in  section  2 
and  following  sections. 

6 The  term  "recognition  money"  is  explained  on  p.  16. 


34  CATTLE    BREEDERS '   ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

Bulls  under  2  years  of  age  and  mares  under  4  years  can  lie  awarded  recogni- 
tion money  only. 

The  amount  by  which  the  subsidy  may  be  increased  for  associations  which,  in- 
stead of  holding  their  shows  separately,  hold  a  yearly  show  in  common,0  may  by 
the  minister  of  agriculture  be  allowed  to  be  used  for  either  premiums  or 
expenses. 

The  award  of  premiums,  both  at  the  shows  of  single  associations  and  at  shows 
held  under  common  management,  shall  be  made  by  a  judging  committee  chosen 
by  the  association.  Associations  which  desire  to  be  considered  in  the  allotment 
of  subsidies  from  the  government  treasury  must,  before  the  end  of  March,  make 
application  therefor  to  the  minister  of  agriculture,  the  application  to  be  accom- 
panied by  information  as  to  whether  they  fulfill  the  conditions  required  for  the 
granting  of  subsidies,  and  as  to  the  size  of  the  fund  which  the  associations 
themselves  have  decided  to  distribute  during  that  year  in  premiums. 

The  time  for  holding  shows  is  to  be  determined  by  the  associations  holding 
same,  after  consultation  with  the  government  show  commissioner  for  the  dis- 
trict in  which  each  association  is  located.     (See  Sec.  11.) 

Premiums  may  bo  awarded  only  to  such  animals  as  are  pledged  to  be  kept 
in  the  country  for  breeding  purposes  for  at  least  one  year  after  the  payment  of 
the  premium.  If  any  such  animal  is  sold  abroad  before  the  expiration  of  one 
year  tbe  premium  shall  be  refunded. 

In  other  details  the  rules  for  distribution  of  premiums  shall  be  made  by  the 
associations  themselves.  At  every  distribution  a  record  must  be  kept  in  which 
all  animals  that  are  awarded  premiums  shall  be  noted,  with  a  short  description 
of  their  breeding  and  characteristics,  on  forms  approved  by  the  minister  of 
agriculture.  An  extract  from  this  record  shall  be  sent  each  October  to  the 
minister  of  Agriculture,  who  thereafter  will  demand  the  return  of  such  sub- 
sidies as  any  association  may  not  have  used  or  which  are  distributed  or  kept 
contrary  to  the  foregoing  regulations. 

Sec.  4.  The  aid  mentioned  in  section  1,  paragraph  2a,  shall  be  distributed, 
in  the  proportion  there  stated,  by  the  minister  of  agriculture,  as  premiums  at 
the  shows  held  by  associations  under  common  management,  which,  besides  the 
kinds  of  animals  mentioned  in  section  .">,  may  comprise  other  gatherings  of 
horses  and  cattle  and.  with  a  regular  intermission  of  three  years,  older  stallions 
and  bulls. 

Sec.  7.  The  amount  of  75,000  kroner  ($20,100)  mentioned  in  section  1,  para- 
graph 4,  shall  be  used  for  premiums  for  bulls,  only  bulls  more  than  3  years 
old  and  still  strong  and  in  possession  of  full  breeding  capacity  being  eligible. 

In  every  show  district  shall  be  held  an  annual  stallion  show:  while  the  bull- 
show  commissions  in  one  or  more  connected  show  districts,  when  conditions 
make  it  desirable,  shall  hold  annual  shows  for  smaller  districts,  the  number 
of  which  must  not  exceed  the  number  of  counties  (Amtsraadskredse)  in  said 
show  district  or  districts,  and  the  boundaries  of  which,  as  much  as  possible, 
shall  coincide  with  those  of  the  counties,  provided  that  considerations  as  to  the 
kind  of  herds  or  geographical  conditions  do  not  necessitate  other  boundaries. 
The  division  into  districts  must  be  approved  by  the  minister  of  agriculture, 
and  can  not  be  changed  without  his  consent,  after  a  new  general  election  of 
bull-show  commissioners.  Changes  in  the  district  divisions  necessitated  by 
the  appearance  of  contagious  diseases  may  be  made  by  the  minister  of 
agriculture. 

The  amount  appropriated  by  the  Government  for  premiums  for  stallions  and 
bulls  shall  be  distributed  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  among  the  show  dis- 

11  As  provided  in  section  1.  paragraphs  1  and  2<i. 


APPENDIX.  35 

triets,  according  to  recommendation  from  the  chairman  of  the  government  bull- 
show  commission,  who  shall  secure  reports  and  recommendations  in  advance 
from  the  chairmen  of  the  stallion"  and  bull  show  commissions,  which  reports 
and  recommendations  shall  be  forwarded  to  the  minister  of  agriculture  at  the 
same  time  as  the  recommendation  of  the  chairman. 

In  the  distribution  shall  be  considered  the  number  of  animals  that  have  been 
exhibited  and  have  received  premiums  during  the  preceding  year  and  the  sta- 
tistical information  gained  by  the  last  enumeration  <>f  cattle  at  the  last  govern- 
ment shows,  which  information  shall  be  forwarded  by  the  chairman  of  the  gov- 
ernment show  commission  to  the  chairmen  of  the  stallion  and  bull  show  com- 
missions, who  at  the  same  time  shall  be  requested  to  report. 

Sec.  S.  The  government  shows  shall  be  managed  by  stallion  and  bull  com- 
missions, respectively,  the  chairmen  of  which  shall  be  appointed  by  the  minister 
of  agriculture,  and  the  other  members  of  which  shall  be  elected  for  a  term  of 
three  years  by  the  county  boards  from  among  the  men  proposed  by  the  agri- 
cultural associations  indicated  below. 

To  the  bull  commissions  two  members  and  two  alternates  shall  be  elected 
by  the  county  boards  in  the  show  districts.  In  case  of  a  tie  vote  the  elec- 
tion shall  be  decided  by  lot.  Three  months  prior  to  the  election  the  county 
chairman  shall  request  each  agricultural  association  in  the  district  which  has 
150  members,  in  the  previous  year  has  appropriated  at  least  300  kroner  (.$S0.40) 
of  its  own  means  for  premiums,  and  holds  annual  shows,  to  propose  in  writing 
a  number  of  members  and  alternates  equal  to  the  number  to  be  elected  by 
the  county  board,  and  from  among  that  number  the  members  shall  be  chosen. 
If  there  should  be  only  one  agricultural  association  in  the  county,  the  latter 
shall  propose  twice  as  many  members  and  alternates  as  the  county  board  shall 
elect.  Each  and  every  stallion  and  bull  show  commission  shall  from  among  its 
members  elect  a  secretary,  who  shall  act  until  the  following  year's  stallion  or 
bull  show  shall  have  been  held. 

Sec.  0.  The  stallion  and  bull  show  commissions  shall  decide  upon  the  number 
and  amount  of  premiums,  the  rules  for  distributing  tiie  same,  the  place  where 
the  show  shall  be  held,  and  the  expenses  necessary. 

These  decisions,  as  well  as  the  changes  in  and  amendments  to  the  same, 
adopted  by  the  commission  shall  be  published  by  the  commission. 

The  government  show  commission  shall  prepare  the  necessary  rules  to  guide 
the  judges. 

The  commissioners  shall  act  as  judges  at  the  horse  and  bull  shows,  respec- 
tively, and  shall  distribute  the  premiums. 

In  awarding  premiums  the  offspring  of  the  competing  animals  shall  be  par- 
ticularly considered,  so  that  the  principal  part  of  the  amount  shall  be  expended 
for  premiums  for  good  offspring. 

Bulls  that  have  received  premiums  may  be  branded  with  the  mark  of  the  com- 
mission, but  only  when  the  owner  so  desires. 

Whoever  receives  a  premium  thereby  assumes  the  obligation  to  let  the  animal, 
having  been  considered  worthy  of  it.  remain  in  the  country  for  breeding  pur- 
poses, if  it  is  a  bull,  until  the  1st  of  May  of  the  following  year. 

Should  the  receivers  of  premiums  neglect  to  fulfill  this  obligation,  the  pre- 
miums shall  be  returned  to  the  treasury,  unless  the  minister  of  agriculture  shall 
admit  that  special  reasons  for  such  neglects  have  been  proved.  Amounts  of 
premiums  to  be  returned  according  to  this  regulation  may  be  collected  by  legal 
proceedings. 

a  Stallion  show  commissions  and  bull  show  commissions  are  independent  com- 
missions having  separate  funds  for  distribution.  Sums  of  money  quoted  are 
used  for  promoting  cattle  industry  only. 


36  CATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS   IN    DENMARK. 

Sec.  10.  The  chairmen  of  the  stallion  and  bull  show  commissions  shall  deter- 
mine the  time  for  holding  stallion  and  bull  shows.  They  shall  preside  at  the 
meetings  of  the  commissions  and,  with  the  assistance  of  the  secretaries,  keep 
records  which,  among  other  things,  shall  contain  accurate  descriptions  of  the 
stallions  and  bulls  that  have  received  premiums,  and  information  regarding 
their  pedigree  and  offspring.  The  chairmen  shall  receive  the  amounts  appro- 
priated for  premiums  by  the  Government  and  distribute  the  same.  They  also, 
before  the  end  of  October  of  each  year,  shall  send  to  the  minister  of  agricul- 
ture a  complete  report  of  the  results  of  the  shows,  accompanied  by  a  transcript 
of  the  records  and  a  statement  setting  forth  the  amount  distributed  as  premiums 
and  expended  for  the  holding  of  stallion  and  bull  shows,  etc. 

The  secretaries  of  the  commissions,  who  on  the  whole  shall  take  care  of  the 
preliminary  preparation  of  the  shows,  shall  advertise  for  not  less  than  two 
weeks  prior  to  the  holding  of  the  show,  in  the  most  widely  circulated  news- 
papers in  the  district,  the  place,  the  time,  and  the  amount  of  premiums. 

Sec.  11.  The  chairmen  of  the  stallion  and  bull  show  commissions,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  government  expert  in  breeding  of  domestic  animals,  under  the 
presidency  of  a  man  appointed  by  the  minister  of  agriculture,  shall  form  a 
government  show  commission,  through  which  the  supervision  provided  for  in 
section  :J>  in  the  present  law  shall  be  conducted  in  such  a  way  that  the  full 
commission  shall  divide  the  associations  among  its  members,  and  one  of  the 
commission  chairmen  shall  be  present  at  each  association  show,  with  the  right 
to  take  part  in  the  deliberations  and  votes  of  the  judging  committee. 

The  government  show  commission  shall  hold  a  regular  annual  meeting,  at 
which  questions  of  importance  for  the  work  of  the  commission  shall  be  brought 
up  and  discussed,  and  issue  an  annual  report. 

AID  TO  BREEDING  ASSOCIATIONS. 

Sec.  12.  The  aid  to  breeding  associations  discussed  below  shall  be  distributed 
by  the  minister  of  agriculture  and  only  be  given  to  associations,  the  aims  of 
which  are  recognized  as  good  and  useful  and  which  are  recommended  by  the 
common  management  associations  of  the  province.  Applications  for  aid  shall  be 
sent  through  the  latter. 

The  breeding  associations  are,  as  far  as  the  application  of  the  government 
aid  is  concerned,  subjected  to  the  supervision  of  the  minister  of  agriculture. 

Should  an  association  dissolve  during  the  fiscal  year  for  which  government  aid 
has  been  received,  the  minister  of  agriculture  shall  be  entitled  to  claim  the 
reimbursement  of  the  amount  or  a  proportionate  part  of  the  same;  for  this 
reimbursement  the  members  of  the  board  of  directors  are  jointly  (one  for  all 
and  all  for  one)  responsible. 

Sec  14.  The  cattle  breeders'  associations  referred  to  in  section  1,  paragraph 
6.  in  order  to  be  eligible  for  government  aid,  must  have  their  by-laws  approved 
by  the  minister  of  agriculture.  The  by-laws  must  contain  provisions  to  the 
effect  that  the  cows  of  the  members  shall  be  selected  under  proper  supervision, 
that  the  bull  shall  be  examined  twice  a  year  by  a  veterinarian,  and  that  the 
herds  shall  be  inspected  at  their  homes  at  least  once  a  year  by  the  board  of 
directors  or  a  committee  of  its  members.  The  government  aid  shall  be  granted 
for  a  specified  bull  that  must  have  received  a  premium  or  recognition  money  " 
at  a  government  show  or  at  a  breeding  association  show  supported  by  the  Gov- 
ernment. Besides,  the  bull,  until  he  shall  have  received  offspring  premium, 
must  receive  every  year  a  premium  at  a  breeding  association  show  or,  after  hav- 
ing reached  the  age  of  3  years,  must  at  least  be  considered  worthy  of  a  premium 

0  See  p.  16. 


APPENDIX.  37 

at  a  government  show,  unless  special  conditions  should  make  this  impossible, 
in  which  latter  case  the  fact  must  be  certified  to  by  the  chairman  of  the  dis 
trict  show.  No  aid  shall  be  granted  before  the  bull  reaches  the  age  of  1}  years; 
and  only  as  long  as  the  bull  owned  by  the  association  shall  be  in  possession  of 
his  full  breeding  capacity. 

The  annual  amount,  counting  from  the  day  the  bull  was  received  by  the  asso- 
Ciation,  shall  be  150  kroner  ($40.20)  for  each  bull ;  provided,  however,  that  in 
proportion  to  the  number  of  bulls  the  amount  intended  for  breeding  associations 
under  a  common  provincial  management  shall  be  distributed  in  amounts  ranging 
from  130  kroner  ($34.84)  to  170  kroner  ($45.56),  according  to  a  classification 
adopted  by  the  common  management  at  which  the  good  qualities  of  the  bull  as 
well  as  the  work  of  the  association  in  general  shall  be  considered. 

If  the  bull  should  be  sold,  the  government  aid  shall  be  kept  without  dis- 
count, provided,  that  the  association,  within  two  mouths  after  the  sale,  shall 
purchase  another  bull  meeting  the  requirements  named  above. 

Sec.  15.  The  amount  of  aid  mentioned  in  section  1,  paragraph  7,  may  be 
utilized  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  for  the  further  encouragement  of  breed- 
ing associations  which,  by  the  exhibition  of  excellent  young  animals,  prove  them- 
selves to  possess  special  adaptation  for  the  development  of  valuable  strains  of 
cattle. 

The  passing  of  judgment  ou  the  young  animals  shall  occur  at  the  offspring 
shows  conducted  by  the  bull-show  commissions,  and  with  the  commissioners  as 
judges. 

The  aid,  granted  in  amounts  ranging  from  50  kroner  ($13.40)  to  150  kroner 
($40.20),  shall  be  distributed  according  to  the  recommendation  of  the  interested 
common-management  associations. 

In  case  the  associations  here  mentioned  have  assistants  to  keep  herd  books 
and  accounts  of  the  yield  and  feeding  of  the  individual  cows,  they  may,  in 
accordance  with  section  17,  be  granted  additional  aid  as  cow-test  associations. 

AID  TO  OTHER  INSTITUTIONS  CONCERNED  IN  THE  BREEDINO  AND  KEEPING  OE  DOMESTIC 

ANIMALS. 

Sec.  17.  The  aid  mentioned  in  section  1,  paragraph  9,  shall  be  distributed  by 
the  minister  of  agriculture,  in  the  proportion  there  indicated,  to  cow-testing  asso- 
ciations which  have  as  their  aim  to  instruct  cattle  owners,  increase  the  profits  of 
cattle  breeding,  and  promote  the  development  of  cattle  breeds  whose  milk  will 
yield  an  increased  amount  of  butter;  such  efforts  being  made  on  the  basis  of 
investigations  into  the  feeding,  milk  yield,  and  fat  content  of  milk  of  individual 
cows. 

Such  associations  must  have  at  least  8  members  and  200  cows;  but  the  min- 
ister of  agriculture  may  dispense  with  the  requirement  of  such  a  number  of 
members  or  cows,  either  in  consideration  of  the  scattered  population  of  the 
locality  and  special  local  conditions,  or  because  the  association  in  question  has 
taken  up  the  work  of  testing  and  other  branches  of  the  trade,  closely  connected 
with  the  principal  aims,  or,  finally,  when  breeding  associations  of  the  kind  men- 
tioned in  section  15  are  concerned. 

Associations  having  a  sufficient  number  of  members  and  cows  to  form  more 
than  one  association,  and  employing  more  than  one  assistant,  may,  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  minister  of  agriculture,  receive  aid  as  more  than  one  association. 

Cattle  breeders'  associations  or  mergers  of  such,  with  cows  to  the  number 
of  150,  which  have  taken  up  the  testing  and  examination  of  the  yield  and  feed- 
ing of  the  cows,  may  secure  aid  as  cow-testing  associations. 


38  CATTLE  BREEDERS'  ASSOCIATIONS   IN   DENMARK. 

The  by-laws  of  the  associations  must  be  approved  by  the  minister  of  agri- 
culture, to  whom  applications  for  aid  should  be  sent,  accompanied  by  a  declara- 
tion from  the  common-management  association  of  the  province. 

Sec.  IS.  The  aid  mentioned  in  section  1,  paragraph  10.  may  be  used  by  the 
minister  of  agriculture  for  holding  competitions  between  entire  herds. 

The  passing  of  judgment  shall  be  based  on  a  two  years'  competition  conducted 
by  the  common-management  association  of  the  district. 

In  passing  judgment,  besides  the  appearance  and  yielding  capacity,  the  ability 
of  the  individuals  to  transfer  the  characteristics  and  good  qualities  of  the 
breed  to  the  offspring  should  be  considered. 

Judgment  shall  be  passed  by  committees,  each  consisting  of  three  members, 
one  of  whom  shall  be  appointed  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  and  the  other 
two  by  the  breeding  association  which  conducts  the  competition. 

The  results  of  the  competition  shall  be  published. 

Two-thirds  of  the  expenses  connected  with  the  competition  shall  be  defrayed 
by  the  Government  and  one-third  by  the  interested  associations,  in  cooperation 
with  the  competing  members. 

Sec.  21.  The  amount  of  20,000  kroner  ( .$5,300 )  provided  for  in  section  1,  para- 
graph 13,  may  be  expended  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  in  publishing  herd 
books  kept  by  the  cooperative  Danish  agricultural  associations;  and  if  the 
whole  amount  should  not  be  expended  for  that  purpose,  then,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  the  interested  common-management  association,  a  portion  of  it 
may  be  expended  for  promoting  by  other  means  the  keeping  of  herd  books 
for  cows  by  the  agricultural  associations  or  the  common  managements  of 
breeding  associations. 

Sec.  22.  The  amount  provided  for  in  section  1,  paragraph  14.  for  association 
experts  shall  be  distributed  by  the  minister  of  agriculture  in  the  proportion 
there  named  for  salaries  to  experts  for  one  or  more  breeding  associations  and 
common  managements  of  cow-test  associations. 

The  government  aid  shall  be  subject  to  recommendation  from  the  common- 
management  association  of  the  province. 

The  associations  or  the  common  managements  shall  take  care  that  the  experts 
render  an  annual  report,  according  to  further  directions  from  the  minister  of 
agriculture,  illustrating  the  work  of  the  experts,  and  that  they  take  part  in  the 
combined  meetings  of  government  and  association  experts  called  by  the  sec- 
retary. 

Sec.  2.'!.  With  the  permission  of  the  minister  of  agriculture,  and  on  terms 
fixed  by  him,  on  recommendation  of  the  interested  common-management  associa- 
tion, associations  working  for  the  improvement  of  the  breed  may  hold  voluntary 
public  auctions  for  the  sale  of  breeding  animals  without  the  interference  of  the 
director  of  auctions  and  without  paying  fees. 

FORM  OF  CONTRACT  USED  IN   THE  PURCHASE  OF  BULLS. 
The  following  contract  is  this  day  made  in  regard  to  the  bull. 


(Name  of  ball,  i 

owned  by and  dropped 

(Name  of  owner.)  (Day  and  year.) 

at by 

(Place  of  birth.)  (Dam's  name  and  number.) 

This  contract  is  made  on  the  following  conditions: 

Section  1.  The  seller  is  to  deliver  the  bull  at  his  own  expense  and  risk,  at 

(Time  and  place  of  delivery  must  be  definitely  agreed  on.) 


APPENDIX.  39 

Sec.  2.  At  the  time  of  the  delivery  of  the  bull  the  seller  will  furnish  to  the 
buyer : 

(a)  The  pedigree  of  the  bull.  If  the  seller  has  himself  reared  the  bull,  he 
guarantees  by  his  signature  on  the  pedigree  the  accuracy  of  the  information 
therein  contained.  If  he  has  not  reared  the  bull  himself,  the  accuracy  of  the 
pedigree  must  be  attested  in  such  manner  as  the  buyer  agrees  to  when  the 
bargain  is  made. 

(&)  A  veterinarian's  certificate  of  the  health  of  the  bull  at  time  of  delivery, 
in  which  it  must  be  specially  noted  that  the  tuberculin  test  has  been  applied, 
with  favorable  outcome.  If  there  is  anything  lacking  in  the  bull's  condition  of 
health,  and  the  buyer  is  for  that  reason  unwilling  to  accept  the  bull,  this  con- 
tract shall  become  void  and  neither  of  the  contracting  parties  shall  have  any 
claim  against  the  other. 

Sec.  3.  The  seller  guarantees  that  the  bull  is  willing  to  serve  and  able  to  get 
calves.  If  the  bull,  in  spite  of  proper  care,  proves  to  be,  in  the  judgment  of  the 
buyer,  not  sufficiently  able  to  serve  and  get  offspring  the  first  year,  the  seller 
will  take  the  bull  back  again  and  refund  two-thirds  of  the  sum  received  in 
accordance  with  section  4.  A.  of  this  contract,  and  all  the  conditional  pay- 
ments described  in  section  4,  B,  shall  thereupon  be  canceled. 

Sec.  4.  The  purchase  price  is  agreed  upon  as  follows: 

A.  When  the  bull  is  delivered  the  buyer  shall  pay kroner. 

B.  In  addition,  the  buyer  shall  pay  upon  the  conditions  named  below  the 
following  amounts  (conditional  payments)  : 

(a)    If  there  are  found  amongst  the  cows  served  by  this  bull  not  over  

per  cent  of  farrow  cows  in  any  one  of  the  first years,  then  the  buyer 

shall  pay kroner  for  that  year;  and  this  clause  shall  hold  good  for  each 

separate  year  of  the  number  of  years  specified. 

(6)  If  the  bull  is  awarded  first-class  recognition  money0  at  the  cooperative 
shows  of  the  island  of  Funen,  the  buyer  shall  pay kroner. 

(c)   If  the  bull  is  awarded  first,  second,  or  third  premium  at  the  government 

show   for   bulls   in   the  year ,   the  buyer   shall    pay kroner.      (The 

year  following  the  show  indicated  in  ('d),  next  paragraph.) 

(<1)  If,  on  the  first  occasion  when  offspring  of  this  bull  is  exhibited  at  a  gov- 
erument  bull  show,  the  bull  is  awarded  an  offspring  premium  of  at  least  second 
class,  first  degree,  the  buyer  shall  pay kroner. 

The  conditional  payments  agreed  upon  under  (a)   shall  be  due  without  notice 

every  year  on  the  first  day  of  October,  beginning  with  October  1,  .     The 

amounts  agreed  upon  under  (b),  (c),  and  (</)  shall  likewise  be  due  without 
notice  eight,  days  after  the  above-mentioned  recognition  money0  or  premiums 
are  awarded  to  the  bull. 

All  payments  shall  be  made  at  the  residence  of  the  seller,  or  at  any  other 
place  which  he  may  designate  in  this  country,  without  expense  to  the  seller. 

Sec.  5.  The  buyer  shall  exhibit  the  bull  at  the  shows  named  in  section  4, 
unless  prevented  by  ill  health  on  the  part  of  the  bull,  which  must  be  certified 
by  a  veterinarian.  In  case  the  bull's  ill  health  prevents  exhibiting  him,  all 
conditional  payments  provided  for  in  section  4,  B,  shall  be  suspended,  but  the 
obligation  nevertheless  remains  upon  the  buyer  if  the  bull  in  that  year  wins 
any  of  the  awards  mentioned  in  section  4,  (b)  and  (c). 

Should  the  buyer  neglect  his  obligation  to  exhibit  the  bull  as  agreed,  he  shall 
be  bound  nevertheless  to  make  the  payments  agreed  upon  in  section  4,  (b) 
and  (c),  when  they  become  due. 

°See  p.  ](i. 


40  CATTLE   BREEDERS'   ASSOCIATIONS    IN    DENMARK. 

Sec.  6.  The  buyer  shall  keep  the  bull  in  proper  condition  of  feed  for  breeding 
purposes,  and  give  hiru  in  all  respects  good  and  reasonable  care,  and  keep  him 
covered  by  life  and  accident  insurance  to  the  amount  of  his  full  value. 

Sec.  7.  Should  it  be  shown  that  the  seller  has  delivered  to  the  buyer  an  incor- 
rect pedigree  or  a  false  veterinarian's  certificate,  or  that  the  seller  has  in  any 
other  way  given  to  the  buyer  false  information  about  the  bull,  the  buyer  may 
annul  the  contract,  and  the  seller  (even  if  he  has  acted  in  good  faith)  shall  be 
bound  to  take  back  the  bull  and  refund  the  money  he  has  received  in  accordance 
with  section  4,  A;  and,  furthermore,  must  pay  the  buyer  for  stable  room,  feed. 

and  care  an  allowance  of kroner  for  every  day  which  has  passed  since 

the  delivery  of  the  bull  to  the  buyer  until  his  return  delivery  to  the  seller;  and 
neither  of  the  parties  shall  thereafter  have  any  further  claim  upon  the  other. 

If  the  seller  knowingly  furnishes  a  false  pedigree,  veterinarian's  certificate, 
or  other  information,  the  buyer  may  annul  the  contract,  and  the  seller  shall  not 
only  refund  the  sum  received  according  to  section  4,  A,  and  reimburse  the  buyer 
for  stabling,  feed,  and  care,  as  provided  in  the  first  paragraph  of  this  section, 
but  he  shall  moreover  pay  the  buyer  damages  to  the  extent  of  1,000  kroner. 

Sec.  8.  Should  the  seller  fail  to  fulfill  this  contract,  by  not  delivering  the  bull, 
or  by  not  delivering  him  at  the  time  and  place  agreed  on,  even  if  such  failure 
be  not  the  fault  of  the  seller,  the  buyer  shall  have  the  option  of  demanding  that 
the  contract  be  fulfilled  or  annulling  the  contract.  In  either  case  the  buyer 
shall  have  the  right  to  demand  damages  for  any  loss  suffered  by  such  non- 
fulfillment, and  particularly  for  traveling  expenses,  loss  of  time,  and  hotel  bills, 
incurred  in  the  trip  to  and  from  the  place  of  delivery.  Should  the  seller  refuse 
to  deliver  the  bull,  or  be  unable  to  do  so  (for  instance,  by  reason  of  having  sold 
him  to  some  other  party),  he  shall  be  bound  to  pay  damages  in  the  minimum 
amount  of  200  kroner,  and  more  if  the  buyer's  loss  shall  actually  amount  to  more. 

Sec.  9.  Should  the  buyer  be  deprived  of  the  bull  (by  the  operation  of  this 
contract  or  by  nonfulfillment  of  the  contract  on  the  part  of  the  seller),  then  the 
seller,  even  if  he  has  acted  in  good  faith,  shall  be  bound  to  refund  all  money 
received,  and  furthermore  to  pay  damages  of  at  least kroner. 

If  the  seller  has  known  in  advance  that  the  bull  would  not  be  available,  he 
.shall,  besides  refunding  all  money  received,  be  bound  to  pay  damages  of  at  least 
1,000  kroner. 

Sec.  10.  Should  either  party  refuse  or  neglect  to  fulfill  the  provisions  of  this 
contract  (including  section  !>),  he  shall  be  bound,  whether  with  or  without  suit 
at  law,  to  pay  all  expenses  of  collection,  including  attorneys'  and  collectors'  fees, 
traveling  expenses,  and  other  expenses  of  collection,  even  if  the  amount  of  the 
claim  should  be  less  than  200  kroner.  In  regard  to  this  the  provisions  of  the 
law  of  August  6,  1824,  are  expressly  waived.  The  violator  shall  in  addition 
pay  interest  on  said  sums  which  are  to  be  paid  or  refunded  by  him,  at  the  rate  of 
6  per  cent  per  annum,  which  interest,  on  the  amounts  agreed  upon  in  section  4, 
is  to  be  calculated  from  the  day  when  such  amounts  become  due,  and  on  other 
amounts  from  the  date  of  the  first  demand. 


(Place  and  date.) 

(Signature  of  seller.) 


(Signature  of  buyer.) 

o 


